Initial Kohana install
[speedfreak] / Server / system / core / Kohana.php
diff --git a/Server/system/core/Kohana.php b/Server/system/core/Kohana.php
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+<?php defined('SYSPATH') OR die('No direct access allowed.');
+/**
+ * Provides Kohana-specific helper functions. This is where the magic happens!
+ *
+ * $Id: Kohana.php 4372 2009-05-28 17:00:34Z ixmatus $
+ *
+ * @package    Core
+ * @author     Kohana Team
+ * @copyright  (c) 2007-2008 Kohana Team
+ * @license    http://kohanaphp.com/license.html
+ */
+final class Kohana {
+
+       // The singleton instance of the controller
+       public static $instance;
+
+       // Output buffering level
+       private static $buffer_level;
+
+       // Will be set to TRUE when an exception is caught
+       public static $has_error = FALSE;
+
+       // The final output that will displayed by Kohana
+       public static $output = '';
+
+       // The current user agent
+       public static $user_agent;
+
+       // The current locale
+       public static $locale;
+
+       // Configuration
+       private static $configuration;
+
+       // Include paths
+       private static $include_paths;
+
+       // Logged messages
+       private static $log;
+
+       // Cache lifetime
+       private static $cache_lifetime;
+
+       // Log levels
+       private static $log_levels = array
+       (
+               'error' => 1,
+               'alert' => 2,
+               'info'  => 3,
+               'debug' => 4,
+       );
+
+       // Internal caches and write status
+       private static $internal_cache = array();
+       private static $write_cache;
+       private static $internal_cache_path;
+       private static $internal_cache_key;
+       private static $internal_cache_encrypt;
+
+       /**
+        * Sets up the PHP environment. Adds error/exception handling, output
+        * buffering, and adds an auto-loading method for loading classes.
+        *
+        * This method is run immediately when this file is loaded, and is
+        * benchmarked as environment_setup.
+        *
+        * For security, this function also destroys the $_REQUEST global variable.
+        * Using the proper global (GET, POST, COOKIE, etc) is inherently more secure.
+        * The recommended way to fetch a global variable is using the Input library.
+        * @see http://www.php.net/globals
+        *
+        * @return  void
+        */
+       public static function setup()
+       {
+               static $run;
+
+               // This function can only be run once
+               if ($run === TRUE)
+                       return;
+
+               // Start the environment setup benchmark
+               Benchmark::start(SYSTEM_BENCHMARK.'_environment_setup');
+
+               // Define Kohana error constant
+               define('E_KOHANA', 42);
+
+               // Define 404 error constant
+               define('E_PAGE_NOT_FOUND', 43);
+
+               // Define database error constant
+               define('E_DATABASE_ERROR', 44);
+
+               if (self::$cache_lifetime = self::config('core.internal_cache'))
+               {
+                       // Are we using encryption for caches?
+                       self::$internal_cache_encrypt   = self::config('core.internal_cache_encrypt');
+                       
+                       if(self::$internal_cache_encrypt===TRUE)
+                       {
+                               self::$internal_cache_key = self::config('core.internal_cache_key');
+                               
+                               // Be sure the key is of acceptable length for the mcrypt algorithm used
+                               self::$internal_cache_key = substr(self::$internal_cache_key, 0, 24);
+                       }
+                       
+                       // Set the directory to be used for the internal cache
+                       if ( ! self::$internal_cache_path = self::config('core.internal_cache_path'))
+                       {
+                               self::$internal_cache_path = APPPATH.'cache/';
+                       }
+
+                       // Load cached configuration and language files
+                       self::$internal_cache['configuration'] = self::cache('configuration', self::$cache_lifetime);
+                       self::$internal_cache['language']      = self::cache('language', self::$cache_lifetime);
+
+                       // Load cached file paths
+                       self::$internal_cache['find_file_paths'] = self::cache('find_file_paths', self::$cache_lifetime);
+
+                       // Enable cache saving
+                       Event::add('system.shutdown', array(__CLASS__, 'internal_cache_save'));
+               }
+
+               // Disable notices and "strict" errors
+               $ER = error_reporting(~E_NOTICE & ~E_STRICT);
+
+               // Set the user agent
+               self::$user_agent = ( ! empty($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) ? trim($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) : '');
+
+               if (function_exists('date_default_timezone_set'))
+               {
+                       $timezone = self::config('locale.timezone');
+
+                       // Set default timezone, due to increased validation of date settings
+                       // which cause massive amounts of E_NOTICEs to be generated in PHP 5.2+
+                       date_default_timezone_set(empty($timezone) ? date_default_timezone_get() : $timezone);
+               }
+
+               // Restore error reporting
+               error_reporting($ER);
+
+               // Start output buffering
+               ob_start(array(__CLASS__, 'output_buffer'));
+
+               // Save buffering level
+               self::$buffer_level = ob_get_level();
+
+               // Set autoloader
+               spl_autoload_register(array('Kohana', 'auto_load'));
+
+               // Set error handler
+               set_error_handler(array('Kohana', 'exception_handler'));
+
+               // Set exception handler
+               set_exception_handler(array('Kohana', 'exception_handler'));
+
+               // Send default text/html UTF-8 header
+               header('Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8');
+
+               // Load locales
+               $locales = self::config('locale.language');
+
+               // Make first locale UTF-8
+               $locales[0] .= '.UTF-8';
+
+               // Set locale information
+               self::$locale = setlocale(LC_ALL, $locales);
+
+               if (self::$configuration['core']['log_threshold'] > 0)
+               {
+                       // Set the log directory
+                       self::log_directory(self::$configuration['core']['log_directory']);
+
+                       // Enable log writing at shutdown
+                       register_shutdown_function(array(__CLASS__, 'log_save'));
+               }
+
+               // Enable Kohana routing
+               Event::add('system.routing', array('Router', 'find_uri'));
+               Event::add('system.routing', array('Router', 'setup'));
+
+               // Enable Kohana controller initialization
+               Event::add('system.execute', array('Kohana', 'instance'));
+
+               // Enable Kohana 404 pages
+               Event::add('system.404', array('Kohana', 'show_404'));
+
+               // Enable Kohana output handling
+               Event::add('system.shutdown', array('Kohana', 'shutdown'));
+
+               if (self::config('core.enable_hooks') === TRUE)
+               {
+                       // Find all the hook files
+                       $hooks = self::list_files('hooks', TRUE);
+
+                       foreach ($hooks as $file)
+                       {
+                               // Load the hook
+                               include $file;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               // Setup is complete, prevent it from being run again
+               $run = TRUE;
+
+               // Stop the environment setup routine
+               Benchmark::stop(SYSTEM_BENCHMARK.'_environment_setup');
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Loads the controller and initializes it. Runs the pre_controller,
+        * post_controller_constructor, and post_controller events. Triggers
+        * a system.404 event when the route cannot be mapped to a controller.
+        *
+        * This method is benchmarked as controller_setup and controller_execution.
+        *
+        * @return  object  instance of controller
+        */
+       public static function & instance()
+       {
+               if (self::$instance === NULL)
+               {
+                       Benchmark::start(SYSTEM_BENCHMARK.'_controller_setup');
+
+                       // Include the Controller file
+                       require Router::$controller_path;
+
+                       try
+                       {
+                               // Start validation of the controller
+                               $class = new ReflectionClass(ucfirst(Router::$controller).'_Controller');
+                       }
+                       catch (ReflectionException $e)
+                       {
+                               // Controller does not exist
+                               Event::run('system.404');
+                       }
+
+                       if ($class->isAbstract() OR (IN_PRODUCTION AND $class->getConstant('ALLOW_PRODUCTION') == FALSE))
+                       {
+                               // Controller is not allowed to run in production
+                               Event::run('system.404');
+                       }
+
+                       // Run system.pre_controller
+                       Event::run('system.pre_controller');
+
+                       // Create a new controller instance
+                       $controller = $class->newInstance();
+
+                       // Controller constructor has been executed
+                       Event::run('system.post_controller_constructor');
+
+                       try
+                       {
+                               // Load the controller method
+                               $method = $class->getMethod(Router::$method);
+
+                               // Method exists
+                               if (Router::$method[0] === '_')
+                               {
+                                       // Do not allow access to hidden methods
+                                       Event::run('system.404');
+                               }
+
+                               if ($method->isProtected() or $method->isPrivate())
+                               {
+                                       // Do not attempt to invoke protected methods
+                                       throw new ReflectionException('protected controller method');
+                               }
+
+                               // Default arguments
+                               $arguments = Router::$arguments;
+                       }
+                       catch (ReflectionException $e)
+                       {
+                               // Use __call instead
+                               $method = $class->getMethod('__call');
+
+                               // Use arguments in __call format
+                               $arguments = array(Router::$method, Router::$arguments);
+                       }
+
+                       // Stop the controller setup benchmark
+                       Benchmark::stop(SYSTEM_BENCHMARK.'_controller_setup');
+
+                       // Start the controller execution benchmark
+                       Benchmark::start(SYSTEM_BENCHMARK.'_controller_execution');
+
+                       // Execute the controller method
+                       $method->invokeArgs($controller, $arguments);
+
+                       // Controller method has been executed
+                       Event::run('system.post_controller');
+
+                       // Stop the controller execution benchmark
+                       Benchmark::stop(SYSTEM_BENCHMARK.'_controller_execution');
+               }
+
+               return self::$instance;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get all include paths. APPPATH is the first path, followed by module
+        * paths in the order they are configured, follow by the SYSPATH.
+        *
+        * @param   boolean  re-process the include paths
+        * @return  array
+        */
+       public static function include_paths($process = FALSE)
+       {
+               if ($process === TRUE)
+               {
+                       // Add APPPATH as the first path
+                       self::$include_paths = array(APPPATH);
+
+                       foreach (self::$configuration['core']['modules'] as $path)
+                       {
+                               if ($path = str_replace('\\', '/', realpath($path)))
+                               {
+                                       // Add a valid path
+                                       self::$include_paths[] = $path.'/';
+                               }
+                       }
+
+                       // Add SYSPATH as the last path
+                       self::$include_paths[] = SYSPATH;
+               }
+
+               return self::$include_paths;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get a config item or group.
+        *
+        * @param   string   item name
+        * @param   boolean  force a forward slash (/) at the end of the item
+        * @param   boolean  is the item required?
+        * @return  mixed
+        */
+       public static function config($key, $slash = FALSE, $required = TRUE)
+       {
+               if (self::$configuration === NULL)
+               {
+                       // Load core configuration
+                       self::$configuration['core'] = self::config_load('core');
+
+                       // Re-parse the include paths
+                       self::include_paths(TRUE);
+               }
+
+               // Get the group name from the key
+               $group = explode('.', $key, 2);
+               $group = $group[0];
+
+               if ( ! isset(self::$configuration[$group]))
+               {
+                       // Load the configuration group
+                       self::$configuration[$group] = self::config_load($group, $required);
+               }
+
+               // Get the value of the key string
+               $value = self::key_string(self::$configuration, $key);
+
+               if ($slash === TRUE AND is_string($value) AND $value !== '')
+               {
+                       // Force the value to end with "/"
+                       $value = rtrim($value, '/').'/';
+               }
+
+               return $value;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Sets a configuration item, if allowed.
+        *
+        * @param   string   config key string
+        * @param   string   config value
+        * @return  boolean
+        */
+       public static function config_set($key, $value)
+       {
+               // Do this to make sure that the config array is already loaded
+               self::config($key);
+
+               if (substr($key, 0, 7) === 'routes.')
+               {
+                       // Routes cannot contain sub keys due to possible dots in regex
+                       $keys = explode('.', $key, 2);
+               }
+               else
+               {
+                       // Convert dot-noted key string to an array
+                       $keys = explode('.', $key);
+               }
+
+               // Used for recursion
+               $conf =& self::$configuration;
+               $last = count($keys) - 1;
+
+               foreach ($keys as $i => $k)
+               {
+                       if ($i === $last)
+                       {
+                               $conf[$k] = $value;
+                       }
+                       else
+                       {
+                               $conf =& $conf[$k];
+                       }
+               }
+
+               if ($key === 'core.modules')
+               {
+                       // Reprocess the include paths
+                       self::include_paths(TRUE);
+               }
+
+               return TRUE;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Load a config file.
+        *
+        * @param   string   config filename, without extension
+        * @param   boolean  is the file required?
+        * @return  array
+        */
+       public static function config_load($name, $required = TRUE)
+       {
+               if ($name === 'core')
+               {
+                       // Load the application configuration file
+                       require APPPATH.'config/config'.EXT;
+
+                       if ( ! isset($config['site_domain']))
+                       {
+                               // Invalid config file
+                               die('Your Kohana application configuration file is not valid.');
+                       }
+
+                       return $config;
+               }
+
+               if (isset(self::$internal_cache['configuration'][$name]))
+                       return self::$internal_cache['configuration'][$name];
+
+               // Load matching configs
+               $configuration = array();
+
+               if ($files = self::find_file('config', $name, $required))
+               {
+                       foreach ($files as $file)
+                       {
+                               require $file;
+
+                               if (isset($config) AND is_array($config))
+                               {
+                                       // Merge in configuration
+                                       $configuration = array_merge($configuration, $config);
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+
+               if ( ! isset(self::$write_cache['configuration']))
+               {
+                       // Cache has changed
+                       self::$write_cache['configuration'] = TRUE;
+               }
+
+               return self::$internal_cache['configuration'][$name] = $configuration;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Clears a config group from the cached configuration.
+        *
+        * @param   string  config group
+        * @return  void
+        */
+       public static function config_clear($group)
+       {
+               // Remove the group from config
+               unset(self::$configuration[$group], self::$internal_cache['configuration'][$group]);
+
+               if ( ! isset(self::$write_cache['configuration']))
+               {
+                       // Cache has changed
+                       self::$write_cache['configuration'] = TRUE;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Add a new message to the log.
+        *
+        * @param   string  type of message
+        * @param   string  message text
+        * @return  void
+        */
+       public static function log($type, $message)
+       {
+               if (self::$log_levels[$type] <= self::$configuration['core']['log_threshold'])
+               {
+                       $message = array(date('Y-m-d H:i:s P'), $type, $message);
+
+                       // Run the system.log event
+                       Event::run('system.log', $message);
+
+                       self::$log[] = $message;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Save all currently logged messages.
+        *
+        * @return  void
+        */
+       public static function log_save()
+       {
+               if (empty(self::$log) OR self::$configuration['core']['log_threshold'] < 1)
+                       return;
+
+               // Filename of the log
+               $filename = self::log_directory().date('Y-m-d').'.log'.EXT;
+
+               if ( ! is_file($filename))
+               {
+                       // Write the SYSPATH checking header
+                       file_put_contents($filename,
+                               '<?php defined(\'SYSPATH\') or die(\'No direct script access.\'); ?>'.PHP_EOL.PHP_EOL);
+
+                       // Prevent external writes
+                       chmod($filename, 0644);
+               }
+
+               // Messages to write
+               $messages = array();
+
+               do
+               {
+                       // Load the next mess
+                       list ($date, $type, $text) = array_shift(self::$log);
+
+                       // Add a new message line
+                       $messages[] = $date.' --- '.$type.': '.$text;
+               }
+               while ( ! empty(self::$log));
+
+               // Write messages to log file
+               file_put_contents($filename, implode(PHP_EOL, $messages).PHP_EOL, FILE_APPEND);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get or set the logging directory.
+        *
+        * @param   string  new log directory
+        * @return  string
+        */
+       public static function log_directory($dir = NULL)
+       {
+               static $directory;
+
+               if ( ! empty($dir))
+               {
+                       // Get the directory path
+                       $dir = realpath($dir);
+
+                       if (is_dir($dir) AND is_writable($dir))
+                       {
+                               // Change the log directory
+                               $directory = str_replace('\\', '/', $dir).'/';
+                       }
+                       else
+                       {
+                               // Log directory is invalid
+                               throw new Kohana_Exception('core.log_dir_unwritable', $dir);
+                       }
+               }
+
+               return $directory;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Load data from a simple cache file. This should only be used internally,
+        * and is NOT a replacement for the Cache library.
+        *
+        * @param   string   unique name of cache
+        * @param   integer  expiration in seconds
+        * @return  mixed
+        */
+       public static function cache($name, $lifetime)
+       {
+               if ($lifetime > 0)
+               {
+                       $path = self::$internal_cache_path.'kohana_'.$name;
+
+                       if (is_file($path))
+                       {
+                               // Check the file modification time
+                               if ((time() - filemtime($path)) < $lifetime)
+                               {
+                                       // Cache is valid! Now, do we need to decrypt it?
+                                       if(self::$internal_cache_encrypt===TRUE)
+                                       {
+                                               $data           = file_get_contents($path);
+                                               
+                                               $iv_size        = mcrypt_get_iv_size(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256, MCRYPT_MODE_ECB);
+                                               $iv                     = mcrypt_create_iv($iv_size, MCRYPT_RAND);
+                                               
+                                               $decrypted_text = mcrypt_decrypt(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256, self::$internal_cache_key, $data, MCRYPT_MODE_ECB, $iv);
+                                               
+                                               $cache  = unserialize($decrypted_text);
+                                               
+                                               // If the key changed, delete the cache file
+                                               if(!$cache)
+                                                       unlink($path);
+
+                                               // If cache is false (as above) return NULL, otherwise, return the cache
+                                               return ($cache ? $cache : NULL);
+                                       }
+                                       else
+                                       {
+                                               return unserialize(file_get_contents($path));
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               else
+                               {
+                                       // Cache is invalid, delete it
+                                       unlink($path);
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+
+               // No cache found
+               return NULL;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Save data to a simple cache file. This should only be used internally, and
+        * is NOT a replacement for the Cache library.
+        *
+        * @param   string   cache name
+        * @param   mixed    data to cache
+        * @param   integer  expiration in seconds
+        * @return  boolean
+        */
+       public static function cache_save($name, $data, $lifetime)
+       {
+               if ($lifetime < 1)
+                       return FALSE;
+
+               $path = self::$internal_cache_path.'kohana_'.$name;
+
+               if ($data === NULL)
+               {
+                       // Delete cache
+                       return (is_file($path) and unlink($path));
+               }
+               else
+               {
+                       // Using encryption? Encrypt the data when we write it
+                       if(self::$internal_cache_encrypt===TRUE)
+                       {
+                               // Encrypt and write data to cache file
+                               $iv_size        = mcrypt_get_iv_size(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256, MCRYPT_MODE_ECB);
+                               $iv                     = mcrypt_create_iv($iv_size, MCRYPT_RAND);
+                               
+                               // Serialize and encrypt!
+                               $encrypted_text = mcrypt_encrypt(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256, self::$internal_cache_key, serialize($data), MCRYPT_MODE_ECB, $iv);
+                               
+                               return (bool) file_put_contents($path, $encrypted_text);
+                       }
+                       else
+                       {
+                               // Write data to cache file
+                               return (bool) file_put_contents($path, serialize($data));
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Kohana output handler. Called during ob_clean, ob_flush, and their variants.
+        *
+        * @param   string  current output buffer
+        * @return  string
+        */
+       public static function output_buffer($output)
+       {
+               // Could be flushing, so send headers first
+               if ( ! Event::has_run('system.send_headers'))
+               {
+                       // Run the send_headers event
+                       Event::run('system.send_headers');
+               }
+               
+               self::$output   = $output;
+               
+               // Set and return the final output
+               return self::$output;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Closes all open output buffers, either by flushing or cleaning, and stores the Kohana
+        * output buffer for display during shutdown.
+        *
+        * @param   boolean  disable to clear buffers, rather than flushing
+        * @return  void
+        */
+       public static function close_buffers($flush = TRUE)
+       {
+               if (ob_get_level() >= self::$buffer_level)
+               {
+                       // Set the close function
+                       $close = ($flush === TRUE) ? 'ob_end_flush' : 'ob_end_clean';
+
+                       while (ob_get_level() > self::$buffer_level)
+                       {
+                               // Flush or clean the buffer
+                               $close();
+                       }
+
+                       // Store the Kohana output buffer
+                       ob_end_clean();
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Triggers the shutdown of Kohana by closing the output buffer, runs the system.display event.
+        *
+        * @return  void
+        */
+       public static function shutdown()
+       {
+               // Close output buffers
+               self::close_buffers(TRUE);
+
+               // Run the output event
+               Event::run('system.display', self::$output);
+
+               // Render the final output
+               self::render(self::$output);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Inserts global Kohana variables into the generated output and prints it.
+        *
+        * @param   string  final output that will displayed
+        * @return  void
+        */
+       public static function render($output)
+       {
+               if (self::config('core.render_stats') === TRUE)
+               {
+                       // Fetch memory usage in MB
+                       $memory = function_exists('memory_get_usage') ? (memory_get_usage() / 1024 / 1024) : 0;
+
+                       // Fetch benchmark for page execution time
+                       $benchmark = Benchmark::get(SYSTEM_BENCHMARK.'_total_execution');
+
+                       // Replace the global template variables
+                       $output = str_replace(
+                               array
+                               (
+                                       '{kohana_version}',
+                                       '{kohana_codename}',
+                                       '{execution_time}',
+                                       '{memory_usage}',
+                                       '{included_files}',
+                               ),
+                               array
+                               (
+                                       KOHANA_VERSION,
+                                       KOHANA_CODENAME,
+                                       $benchmark['time'],
+                                       number_format($memory, 2).'MB',
+                                       count(get_included_files()),
+                               ),
+                               $output
+                       );
+               }
+
+               if ($level = self::config('core.output_compression') AND ini_get('output_handler') !== 'ob_gzhandler' AND (int) ini_get('zlib.output_compression') === 0)
+               {
+                       if ($level < 1 OR $level > 9)
+                       {
+                               // Normalize the level to be an integer between 1 and 9. This
+                               // step must be done to prevent gzencode from triggering an error
+                               $level = max(1, min($level, 9));
+                       }
+
+                       if (stripos(@$_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'], 'gzip') !== FALSE)
+                       {
+                               $compress = 'gzip';
+                       }
+                       elseif (stripos(@$_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'], 'deflate') !== FALSE)
+                       {
+                               $compress = 'deflate';
+                       }
+               }
+
+               if (isset($compress) AND $level > 0)
+               {
+                       switch ($compress)
+                       {
+                               case 'gzip':
+                                       // Compress output using gzip
+                                       $output = gzencode($output, $level);
+                               break;
+                               case 'deflate':
+                                       // Compress output using zlib (HTTP deflate)
+                                       $output = gzdeflate($output, $level);
+                               break;
+                       }
+
+                       // This header must be sent with compressed content to prevent
+                       // browser caches from breaking
+                       header('Vary: Accept-Encoding');
+
+                       // Send the content encoding header
+                       header('Content-Encoding: '.$compress);
+
+                       // Sending Content-Length in CGI can result in unexpected behavior
+                       if (stripos(PHP_SAPI, 'cgi') === FALSE)
+                       {
+                               header('Content-Length: '.strlen($output));
+                       }
+               }
+
+               echo $output;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Displays a 404 page.
+        *
+        * @throws  Kohana_404_Exception
+        * @param   string  URI of page
+        * @param   string  custom template
+        * @return  void
+        */
+       public static function show_404($page = FALSE, $template = FALSE)
+       {
+               throw new Kohana_404_Exception($page, $template);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Dual-purpose PHP error and exception handler. Uses the kohana_error_page
+        * view to display the message.
+        *
+        * @param   integer|object  exception object or error code
+        * @param   string          error message
+        * @param   string          filename
+        * @param   integer         line number
+        * @return  void
+        */
+       public static function exception_handler($exception, $message = NULL, $file = NULL, $line = NULL)
+       {
+               try
+               {
+                       // PHP errors have 5 args, always
+                       $PHP_ERROR = (func_num_args() === 5);
+       
+                       // Test to see if errors should be displayed
+                       if ($PHP_ERROR AND (error_reporting() & $exception) === 0)
+                               return;
+       
+                       // This is useful for hooks to determine if a page has an error
+                       self::$has_error = TRUE;
+       
+                       // Error handling will use exactly 5 args, every time
+                       if ($PHP_ERROR)
+                       {
+                               $code     = $exception;
+                               $type     = 'PHP Error';
+                               $template = 'kohana_error_page';
+                       }
+                       else
+                       {
+                               $code     = $exception->getCode();
+                               $type     = get_class($exception);
+                               $message  = $exception->getMessage();
+                               $file     = $exception->getFile();
+                               $line     = $exception->getLine();
+                               $template = ($exception instanceof Kohana_Exception) ? $exception->getTemplate() : 'kohana_error_page';
+                       }
+       
+                       if (is_numeric($code))
+                       {
+                               $codes = self::lang('errors');
+       
+                               if ( ! empty($codes[$code]))
+                               {
+                                       list($level, $error, $description) = $codes[$code];
+                               }
+                               else
+                               {
+                                       $level = 1;
+                                       $error = $PHP_ERROR ? 'Unknown Error' : get_class($exception);
+                                       $description = '';
+                               }
+                       }
+                       else
+                       {
+                               // Custom error message, this will never be logged
+                               $level = 5;
+                               $error = $code;
+                               $description = '';
+                       }
+       
+                       // Remove the DOCROOT from the path, as a security precaution
+                       $file = str_replace('\\', '/', realpath($file));
+                       $file = preg_replace('|^'.preg_quote(DOCROOT).'|', '', $file);
+       
+                       if ($level <= self::$configuration['core']['log_threshold'])
+                       {
+                               // Log the error
+                               self::log('error', self::lang('core.uncaught_exception', $type, $message, $file, $line));
+                       }
+       
+                       if ($PHP_ERROR)
+                       {
+                               $description = self::lang('errors.'.E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR);
+                               $description = is_array($description) ? $description[2] : '';
+       
+                               if ( ! headers_sent())
+                               {
+                                       // Send the 500 header
+                                       header('HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error');
+                               }
+                       }
+                       else
+                       {
+                               if (method_exists($exception, 'sendHeaders') AND ! headers_sent())
+                               {
+                                       // Send the headers if they have not already been sent
+                                       $exception->sendHeaders();
+                               }
+                       }
+       
+                       // Close all output buffers except for Kohana
+                       while (ob_get_level() > self::$buffer_level)
+                       {
+                               ob_end_clean();
+                       }
+       
+                       // Test if display_errors is on
+                       if (self::$configuration['core']['display_errors'] === TRUE)
+                       {
+                               if ( ! IN_PRODUCTION AND $line != FALSE)
+                               {
+                                       // Remove the first entry of debug_backtrace(), it is the exception_handler call
+                                       $trace = $PHP_ERROR ? array_slice(debug_backtrace(), 1) : $exception->getTrace();
+       
+                                       // Beautify backtrace
+                                       $trace = self::backtrace($trace);
+                               }
+       
+                               // Load the error
+                               require self::find_file('views', empty($template) ? 'kohana_error_page' : $template);
+                       }
+                       else
+                       {
+                               // Get the i18n messages
+                               $error   = self::lang('core.generic_error');
+                               $message = self::lang('core.errors_disabled', url::site(), url::site(Router::$current_uri));
+       
+                               // Load the errors_disabled view
+                               require self::find_file('views', 'kohana_error_disabled');
+                       }
+       
+                       if ( ! Event::has_run('system.shutdown'))
+                       {
+                               // Run the shutdown even to ensure a clean exit
+                               Event::run('system.shutdown');
+                       }
+       
+                       // Turn off error reporting
+                       error_reporting(0);
+                       exit;
+               }
+               catch (Exception $e)
+               {
+                       if (IN_PRODUCTION)
+                       {
+                               die('Fatal Error');
+                       }
+                       else
+                       {
+                               die('Fatal Error: '.$e->getMessage().' File: '.$e->getFile().' Line: '.$e->getLine());
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Provides class auto-loading.
+        *
+        * @throws  Kohana_Exception
+        * @param   string  name of class
+        * @return  bool
+        */
+       public static function auto_load($class)
+       {
+               if (class_exists($class, FALSE))
+                       return TRUE;
+
+               if (($suffix = strrpos($class, '_')) > 0)
+               {
+                       // Find the class suffix
+                       $suffix = substr($class, $suffix + 1);
+               }
+               else
+               {
+                       // No suffix
+                       $suffix = FALSE;
+               }
+
+               if ($suffix === 'Core')
+               {
+                       $type = 'libraries';
+                       $file = substr($class, 0, -5);
+               }
+               elseif ($suffix === 'Controller')
+               {
+                       $type = 'controllers';
+                       // Lowercase filename
+                       $file = strtolower(substr($class, 0, -11));
+               }
+               elseif ($suffix === 'Model')
+               {
+                       $type = 'models';
+                       // Lowercase filename
+                       $file = strtolower(substr($class, 0, -6));
+               }
+               elseif ($suffix === 'Driver')
+               {
+                       $type = 'libraries/drivers';
+                       $file = str_replace('_', '/', substr($class, 0, -7));
+               }
+               else
+               {
+                       // This could be either a library or a helper, but libraries must
+                       // always be capitalized, so we check if the first character is
+                       // uppercase. If it is, we are loading a library, not a helper.
+                       $type = ($class[0] < 'a') ? 'libraries' : 'helpers';
+                       $file = $class;
+               }
+
+               if ($filename = self::find_file($type, $file))
+               {
+                       // Load the class
+                       require $filename;
+               }
+               else
+               {
+                       // The class could not be found
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+
+               if ($filename = self::find_file($type, self::$configuration['core']['extension_prefix'].$class))
+               {
+                       // Load the class extension
+                       require $filename;
+               }
+               elseif ($suffix !== 'Core' AND class_exists($class.'_Core', FALSE))
+               {
+                       // Class extension to be evaluated
+                       $extension = 'class '.$class.' extends '.$class.'_Core { }';
+
+                       // Start class analysis
+                       $core = new ReflectionClass($class.'_Core');
+
+                       if ($core->isAbstract())
+                       {
+                               // Make the extension abstract
+                               $extension = 'abstract '.$extension;
+                       }
+
+                       // Transparent class extensions are handled using eval. This is
+                       // a disgusting hack, but it gets the job done.
+                       eval($extension);
+               }
+
+               return TRUE;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Find a resource file in a given directory. Files will be located according
+        * to the order of the include paths. Configuration and i18n files will be
+        * returned in reverse order.
+        *
+        * @throws  Kohana_Exception  if file is required and not found
+        * @param   string   directory to search in
+        * @param   string   filename to look for (without extension)
+        * @param   boolean  file required
+        * @param   string   file extension
+        * @return  array    if the type is config, i18n or l10n
+        * @return  string   if the file is found
+        * @return  FALSE    if the file is not found
+        */
+       public static function find_file($directory, $filename, $required = FALSE, $ext = FALSE)
+       {
+               // NOTE: This test MUST be not be a strict comparison (===), or empty
+               // extensions will be allowed!
+               if ($ext == '')
+               {
+                       // Use the default extension
+                       $ext = EXT;
+               }
+               else
+               {
+                       // Add a period before the extension
+                       $ext = '.'.$ext;
+               }
+
+               // Search path
+               $search = $directory.'/'.$filename.$ext;
+
+               if (isset(self::$internal_cache['find_file_paths'][$search]))
+                       return self::$internal_cache['find_file_paths'][$search];
+
+               // Load include paths
+               $paths = self::$include_paths;
+
+               // Nothing found, yet
+               $found = NULL;
+
+               if ($directory === 'config' OR $directory === 'i18n')
+               {
+                       // Search in reverse, for merging
+                       $paths = array_reverse($paths);
+
+                       foreach ($paths as $path)
+                       {
+                               if (is_file($path.$search))
+                               {
+                                       // A matching file has been found
+                                       $found[] = $path.$search;
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+               else
+               {
+                       foreach ($paths as $path)
+                       {
+                               if (is_file($path.$search))
+                               {
+                                       // A matching file has been found
+                                       $found = $path.$search;
+
+                                       // Stop searching
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+
+               if ($found === NULL)
+               {
+                       if ($required === TRUE)
+                       {
+                               // Directory i18n key
+                               $directory = 'core.'.inflector::singular($directory);
+
+                               // If the file is required, throw an exception
+                               throw new Kohana_Exception('core.resource_not_found', self::lang($directory), $filename);
+                       }
+                       else
+                       {
+                               // Nothing was found, return FALSE
+                               $found = FALSE;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               if ( ! isset(self::$write_cache['find_file_paths']))
+               {
+                       // Write cache at shutdown
+                       self::$write_cache['find_file_paths'] = TRUE;
+               }
+
+               return self::$internal_cache['find_file_paths'][$search] = $found;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Lists all files and directories in a resource path.
+        *
+        * @param   string   directory to search
+        * @param   boolean  list all files to the maximum depth?
+        * @param   string   full path to search (used for recursion, *never* set this manually)
+        * @return  array    filenames and directories
+        */
+       public static function list_files($directory, $recursive = FALSE, $path = FALSE)
+       {
+               $files = array();
+
+               if ($path === FALSE)
+               {
+                       $paths = array_reverse(self::include_paths());
+
+                       foreach ($paths as $path)
+                       {
+                               // Recursively get and merge all files
+                               $files = array_merge($files, self::list_files($directory, $recursive, $path.$directory));
+                       }
+               }
+               else
+               {
+                       $path = rtrim($path, '/').'/';
+
+                       if (is_readable($path))
+                       {
+                               $items = (array) glob($path.'*');
+
+                               if ( ! empty($items))
+                               {
+                                       foreach ($items as $index => $item)
+                                       {
+                                               $files[] = $item = str_replace('\\', '/', $item);
+
+                                               // Handle recursion
+                                               if (is_dir($item) AND $recursive == TRUE)
+                                               {
+                                                       // Filename should only be the basename
+                                                       $item = pathinfo($item, PATHINFO_BASENAME);
+
+                                                       // Append sub-directory search
+                                                       $files = array_merge($files, self::list_files($directory, TRUE, $path.$item));
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+
+               return $files;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Fetch an i18n language item.
+        *
+        * @param   string  language key to fetch
+        * @param   array   additional information to insert into the line
+        * @return  string  i18n language string, or the requested key if the i18n item is not found
+        */
+       public static function lang($key, $args = array())
+       {
+               // Extract the main group from the key
+               $group = explode('.', $key, 2);
+               $group = $group[0];
+
+               // Get locale name
+               $locale = self::config('locale.language.0');
+
+               if ( ! isset(self::$internal_cache['language'][$locale][$group]))
+               {
+                       // Messages for this group
+                       $messages = array();
+
+                       if ($files = self::find_file('i18n', $locale.'/'.$group))
+                       {
+                               foreach ($files as $file)
+                               {
+                                       include $file;
+
+                                       // Merge in configuration
+                                       if ( ! empty($lang) AND is_array($lang))
+                                       {
+                                               foreach ($lang as $k => $v)
+                                               {
+                                                       $messages[$k] = $v;
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       }
+
+                       if ( ! isset(self::$write_cache['language']))
+                       {
+                               // Write language cache
+                               self::$write_cache['language'] = TRUE;
+                       }
+
+                       self::$internal_cache['language'][$locale][$group] = $messages;
+               }
+
+               // Get the line from cache
+               $line = self::key_string(self::$internal_cache['language'][$locale], $key);
+
+               if ($line === NULL)
+               {
+                       self::log('error', 'Missing i18n entry '.$key.' for language '.$locale);
+
+                       // Return the key string as fallback
+                       return $key;
+               }
+
+               if (is_string($line) AND func_num_args() > 1)
+               {
+                       $args = array_slice(func_get_args(), 1);
+
+                       // Add the arguments into the line
+                       $line = vsprintf($line, is_array($args[0]) ? $args[0] : $args);
+               }
+
+               return $line;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the value of a key, defined by a 'dot-noted' string, from an array.
+        *
+        * @param   array   array to search
+        * @param   string  dot-noted string: foo.bar.baz
+        * @return  string  if the key is found
+        * @return  void    if the key is not found
+        */
+       public static function key_string($array, $keys)
+       {
+               if (empty($array))
+                       return NULL;
+
+               // Prepare for loop
+               $keys = explode('.', $keys);
+
+               do
+               {
+                       // Get the next key
+                       $key = array_shift($keys);
+
+                       if (isset($array[$key]))
+                       {
+                               if (is_array($array[$key]) AND ! empty($keys))
+                               {
+                                       // Dig down to prepare the next loop
+                                       $array = $array[$key];
+                               }
+                               else
+                               {
+                                       // Requested key was found
+                                       return $array[$key];
+                               }
+                       }
+                       else
+                       {
+                               // Requested key is not set
+                               break;
+                       }
+               }
+               while ( ! empty($keys));
+
+               return NULL;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Sets values in an array by using a 'dot-noted' string.
+        *
+        * @param   array   array to set keys in (reference)
+        * @param   string  dot-noted string: foo.bar.baz
+        * @return  mixed   fill value for the key
+        * @return  void
+        */
+       public static function key_string_set( & $array, $keys, $fill = NULL)
+       {
+               if (is_object($array) AND ($array instanceof ArrayObject))
+               {
+                       // Copy the array
+                       $array_copy = $array->getArrayCopy();
+
+                       // Is an object
+                       $array_object = TRUE;
+               }
+               else
+               {
+                       if ( ! is_array($array))
+                       {
+                               // Must always be an array
+                               $array = (array) $array;
+                       }
+
+                       // Copy is a reference to the array
+                       $array_copy =& $array;
+               }
+
+               if (empty($keys))
+                       return $array;
+
+               // Create keys
+               $keys = explode('.', $keys);
+
+               // Create reference to the array
+               $row =& $array_copy;
+
+               for ($i = 0, $end = count($keys) - 1; $i <= $end; $i++)
+               {
+                       // Get the current key
+                       $key = $keys[$i];
+
+                       if ( ! isset($row[$key]))
+                       {
+                               if (isset($keys[$i + 1]))
+                               {
+                                       // Make the value an array
+                                       $row[$key] = array();
+                               }
+                               else
+                               {
+                                       // Add the fill key
+                                       $row[$key] = $fill;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       elseif (isset($keys[$i + 1]))
+                       {
+                               // Make the value an array
+                               $row[$key] = (array) $row[$key];
+                       }
+
+                       // Go down a level, creating a new row reference
+                       $row =& $row[$key];
+               }
+
+               if (isset($array_object))
+               {
+                       // Swap the array back in
+                       $array->exchangeArray($array_copy);
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Retrieves current user agent information:
+        * keys:  browser, version, platform, mobile, robot, referrer, languages, charsets
+        * tests: is_browser, is_mobile, is_robot, accept_lang, accept_charset
+        *
+        * @param   string   key or test name
+        * @param   string   used with "accept" tests: user_agent(accept_lang, en)
+        * @return  array    languages and charsets
+        * @return  string   all other keys
+        * @return  boolean  all tests
+        */
+       public static function user_agent($key = 'agent', $compare = NULL)
+       {
+               static $info;
+
+               // Return the raw string
+               if ($key === 'agent')
+                       return self::$user_agent;
+
+               if ($info === NULL)
+               {
+                       // Parse the user agent and extract basic information
+                       $agents = self::config('user_agents');
+
+                       foreach ($agents as $type => $data)
+                       {
+                               foreach ($data as $agent => $name)
+                               {
+                                       if (stripos(self::$user_agent, $agent) !== FALSE)
+                                       {
+                                               if ($type === 'browser' AND preg_match('|'.preg_quote($agent).'[^0-9.]*+([0-9.][0-9.a-z]*)|i', self::$user_agent, $match))
+                                               {
+                                                       // Set the browser version
+                                                       $info['version'] = $match[1];
+                                               }
+
+                                               // Set the agent name
+                                               $info[$type] = $name;
+                                               break;
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+
+               if (empty($info[$key]))
+               {
+                       switch ($key)
+                       {
+                               case 'is_robot':
+                               case 'is_browser':
+                               case 'is_mobile':
+                                       // A boolean result
+                                       $return = ! empty($info[substr($key, 3)]);
+                               break;
+                               case 'languages':
+                                       $return = array();
+                                       if ( ! empty($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']))
+                                       {
+                                               if (preg_match_all('/[-a-z]{2,}/', strtolower(trim($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE'])), $matches))
+                                               {
+                                                       // Found a result
+                                                       $return = $matches[0];
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                               break;
+                               case 'charsets':
+                                       $return = array();
+                                       if ( ! empty($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET']))
+                                       {
+                                               if (preg_match_all('/[-a-z0-9]{2,}/', strtolower(trim($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET'])), $matches))
+                                               {
+                                                       // Found a result
+                                                       $return = $matches[0];
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                               break;
+                               case 'referrer':
+                                       if ( ! empty($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']))
+                                       {
+                                               // Found a result
+                                               $return = trim($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']);
+                                       }
+                               break;
+                       }
+
+                       // Cache the return value
+                       isset($return) and $info[$key] = $return;
+               }
+
+               if ( ! empty($compare))
+               {
+                       // The comparison must always be lowercase
+                       $compare = strtolower($compare);
+
+                       switch ($key)
+                       {
+                               case 'accept_lang':
+                                       // Check if the lange is accepted
+                                       return in_array($compare, self::user_agent('languages'));
+                               break;
+                               case 'accept_charset':
+                                       // Check if the charset is accepted
+                                       return in_array($compare, self::user_agent('charsets'));
+                               break;
+                               default:
+                                       // Invalid comparison
+                                       return FALSE;
+                               break;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               // Return the key, if set
+               return isset($info[$key]) ? $info[$key] : NULL;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Quick debugging of any variable. Any number of parameters can be set.
+        *
+        * @return  string
+        */
+       public static function debug()
+       {
+               if (func_num_args() === 0)
+                       return;
+
+               // Get params
+               $params = func_get_args();
+               $output = array();
+
+               foreach ($params as $var)
+               {
+                       $output[] = '<pre>('.gettype($var).') '.html::specialchars(print_r($var, TRUE)).'</pre>';
+               }
+
+               return implode("\n", $output);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Displays nice backtrace information.
+        * @see http://php.net/debug_backtrace
+        *
+        * @param   array   backtrace generated by an exception or debug_backtrace
+        * @return  string
+        */
+       public static function backtrace($trace)
+       {
+               if ( ! is_array($trace))
+                       return;
+
+               // Final output
+               $output = array();
+
+               foreach ($trace as $entry)
+               {
+                       $temp = '<li>';
+
+                       if (isset($entry['file']))
+                       {
+                               $temp .= self::lang('core.error_file_line', preg_replace('!^'.preg_quote(DOCROOT).'!', '', $entry['file']), $entry['line']);
+                       }
+
+                       $temp .= '<pre>';
+
+                       if (isset($entry['class']))
+                       {
+                               // Add class and call type
+                               $temp .= $entry['class'].$entry['type'];
+                       }
+
+                       // Add function
+                       $temp .= $entry['function'].'( ';
+
+                       // Add function args
+                       if (isset($entry['args']) AND is_array($entry['args']))
+                       {
+                               // Separator starts as nothing
+                               $sep = '';
+
+                               while ($arg = array_shift($entry['args']))
+                               {
+                                       if (is_string($arg) AND is_file($arg))
+                                       {
+                                               // Remove docroot from filename
+                                               $arg = preg_replace('!^'.preg_quote(DOCROOT).'!', '', $arg);
+                                       }
+
+                                       $temp .= $sep.html::specialchars(print_r($arg, TRUE));
+
+                                       // Change separator to a comma
+                                       $sep = ', ';
+                               }
+                       }
+
+                       $temp .= ' )</pre></li>';
+
+                       $output[] = $temp;
+               }
+
+               return '<ul class="backtrace">'.implode("\n", $output).'</ul>';
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Saves the internal caches: configuration, include paths, etc.
+        *
+        * @return  boolean
+        */
+       public static function internal_cache_save()
+       {
+               if ( ! is_array(self::$write_cache))
+                       return FALSE;
+
+               // Get internal cache names
+               $caches = array_keys(self::$write_cache);
+
+               // Nothing written
+               $written = FALSE;
+
+               foreach ($caches as $cache)
+               {
+                       if (isset(self::$internal_cache[$cache]))
+                       {
+                               // Write the cache file
+                               self::cache_save($cache, self::$internal_cache[$cache], self::$configuration['core']['internal_cache']);
+
+                               // A cache has been written
+                               $written = TRUE;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               return $written;
+       }
+
+} // End Kohana
+
+/**
+ * Creates a generic i18n exception.
+ */
+class Kohana_Exception extends Exception {
+
+       // Template file
+       protected $template = 'kohana_error_page';
+
+       // Header
+       protected $header = FALSE;
+
+       // Error code
+       protected $code = E_KOHANA;
+
+       /**
+        * Set exception message.
+        *
+        * @param  string  i18n language key for the message
+        * @param  array   addition line parameters
+        */
+       public function __construct($error)
+       {
+               $args = array_slice(func_get_args(), 1);
+
+               // Fetch the error message
+               $message = Kohana::lang($error, $args);
+
+               if ($message === $error OR empty($message))
+               {
+                       // Unable to locate the message for the error
+                       $message = 'Unknown Exception: '.$error;
+               }
+
+               // Sets $this->message the proper way
+               parent::__construct($message);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Magic method for converting an object to a string.
+        *
+        * @return  string  i18n message
+        */
+       public function __toString()
+       {
+               return (string) $this->message;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Fetch the template name.
+        *
+        * @return  string
+        */
+       public function getTemplate()
+       {
+               return $this->template;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Sends an Internal Server Error header.
+        *
+        * @return  void
+        */
+       public function sendHeaders()
+       {
+               // Send the 500 header
+               header('HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error');
+       }
+
+} // End Kohana Exception
+
+/**
+ * Creates a custom exception.
+ */
+class Kohana_User_Exception extends Kohana_Exception {
+
+       /**
+        * Set exception title and message.
+        *
+        * @param   string  exception title string
+        * @param   string  exception message string
+        * @param   string  custom error template
+        */
+       public function __construct($title, $message, $template = FALSE)
+       {
+               Exception::__construct($message);
+
+               $this->code = $title;
+
+               if ($template !== FALSE)
+               {
+                       $this->template = $template;
+               }
+       }
+
+} // End Kohana PHP Exception
+
+/**
+ * Creates a Page Not Found exception.
+ */
+class Kohana_404_Exception extends Kohana_Exception {
+
+       protected $code = E_PAGE_NOT_FOUND;
+
+       /**
+        * Set internal properties.
+        *
+        * @param  string  URL of page
+        * @param  string  custom error template
+        */
+       public function __construct($page = FALSE, $template = FALSE)
+       {
+               if ($page === FALSE)
+               {
+                       // Construct the page URI using Router properties
+                       $page = Router::$current_uri.Router::$url_suffix.Router::$query_string;
+               }
+
+               Exception::__construct(Kohana::lang('core.page_not_found', $page));
+
+               $this->template = $template;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Sends "File Not Found" headers, to emulate server behavior.
+        *
+        * @return void
+        */
+       public function sendHeaders()
+       {
+               // Send the 404 header
+               header('HTTP/1.1 404 File Not Found');
+       }
+
+} // End Kohana 404 Exception