--- /dev/null
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>\r
+<xdxf lang_from="ENG" lang_to="POL" format="visual">\r
+ <full_name>English - Polish dictionary</full_name>\r
+ <description>Sample dictionary with some usefull expressions. Any suggestions? Please conntact marcin.biedron@comarch.pl. This file is part of WhiteStork application. Copyright 2007, ComArch S.A. All rights reserved.</description>\r
+ <ar><k>a lot of</k> - dużo</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>a quarter</k> - ćwiartka</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>a third</k> - jedna trzecia</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Agreed.</k> - Zgoda.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>All aboard.</k> - Wsiadać proszę.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>April</k> - kwiecień</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>August</k> - sierpień</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>autumn</k> - jesień</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>bath towels</k> - ręczniki</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Be careful!</k> - Bądź ostrożny!</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>blanket</k> - koc</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>breakfast</k> - śniadanie</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>bus station</k> - przystanek autobusowy</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Can I get there on foot?</k> - Czy dojdę tam na pieszo?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Can I pay with my credit card?</k> - Czy można płacić kartą (kredytową)?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Can we switch rooms?</k> - Możemy zamienić pokoje?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Can you show me the room?</k> - Możesz pokazać mi pokój?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Could you help me?</k> - Czy mógłbyś mi pomóc?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Could you show me this on the map, please?</k> - Czy mógłbyś pokazać mi to miejsce na mapie?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>day</k> - dzień</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>December</k> - grudzień</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>dinner</k> - obiad</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Do you have a map of the city?</k> - Czy masz mapę miasta?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Do you have any vacancies?</k> - Masz wolne pokoje?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Do you speak English?</k> - Czy mówisz po angielsku?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>doctor</k> - lekarz</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>double bed</k> - podwójne łóżko</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>earlier</k> - wcześniej</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>eight</k> - osiem</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>eight hundred</k> - osiemset</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>eight thousand</k> - osiem tysięcy</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>eighteen</k> - osiemnaście</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>eighth</k> - ósmy</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>eighty</k> - osiemdziesiąt</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>eleven</k> - jedenaście</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Excuse me.</k> - Przepraszam.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Excuse me.</k> - Przepraszam.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>February</k> - luty</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>few</k> - kilka</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>fifteen</k> - piętnaście</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>fifth</k> - piąty</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>fifty</k> - pięćdziesiąt</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>first</k> - pierwszy</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>five</k> - pięć</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>five hundred</k> - pięćset</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>five minutes ago</k> - pięć minut temu</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>five thousand</k> - pięć tysiące</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>forty</k> - czterdzieści</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>four</k> - cztery</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>four hundred</k> - czterysta</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>four thousand</k> - cztery tysiące</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>fourteen</k> - czternaście</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>fourth</k> - czwarty</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Friday</k> - piątek</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Good day.</k> - Dzień dobry.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Good evening.</k> - Dobry wieczór.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Good morning.</k> - Dzień dobry.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Good night.(Goodbye at night time)</k> - Dobranoc.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Good-bye.</k> - Do widzenia.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>half</k> - połowa</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Hello.</k> - Witam.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Help!</k> - Pomocy!</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>How do I get to this address?</k> - Jak się dostanę pod ten adres?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>How far is it?</k> - Jak to daleko?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>How late it is?</k> - Jak późno już jest?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>How much do I owe you?</k> - Ile jestem winny?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>How much is it per night?</k> - Ile kosztuje jedna noc?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>How much is the fare?</k> - Ile kosztuje przejazd?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>How old are you?</k> - Ile masz lat?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>How?</k> - Jak?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>I am in a hurry.</k> - Śpieszy mi się.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>I am sorry.</k> - Przykro mi.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>I do not speak Polish.</k> - Nie mówię po polsku.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>I do not understand.</k> - Nie rozumiem.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>I have a reservation.</k> - Mam rezerwację</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>I think I am lost.</k> - Chyba się zgubiłem.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>I understand a little.</k> - Rozumiem trochę.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>I would like a ticket to...</k> - Chciałbym bilet do...</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>I would like to change dollars.</k> - Chciałbym wymienić dolary.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Is there a currency exchange office nearby?</k> - Czy jest tam kantor wymiany walut?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Is there a sleeping car on the train?</k> - Czy jest tam wagon sypialny?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Is there a taxi standby nearby?</k> - Czy jest tam blisko postój taksówek?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>It is 3:40 am.</k> - Jest trzecia czterdzieści.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>It is 4:30 am.</k> - Jest czwarta czterdzieści.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>It is 6:15 pm.</k> - Jest osiemnasta piętnaście.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>It is one in the afternoon.</k> - Jest trzynasta.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>It is one o'clock.</k> - Jest pierwsza.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>It is three in the afternoon.</k> - Jest piętnasta.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>It is three o'clock.</k> - Jest trzecia.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>It is two in the afternoon.</k> - Jest czternasta.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>It is two o'clock.</k> - Jest druga.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>January</k> - styczeń</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>July</k> - lipiec</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>June</k> - czerwiec</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Keep the change.</k> - Reszta dla ciebie.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>later</k> - później</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>left</k> - lewo</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>many</k> - wiele</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>March</k> - marzec</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>May</k> - maj</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>May we have an extra bed?</k> - Czy możemy prosić dodatkowe łóżko?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>midnight</k> - północ</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Monday</k> - poniedziałek</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>much</k> - dużo</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>My name is...</k> - Mam na imię...</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>nights</k> - noce</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>nine</k> - dziewięć</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>nine hundred</k> - dziewięćset</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>nine thousand</k> - dziewięć tysięcy</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>nineteen</k> - dziewiętnaście</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>ninety</k> - dziewięćdziesiąt</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>ninth</k> - dziewiąty</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>No.</k> - Nie.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>noon</k> - południe</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>November</k> - listopad</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>now</k> - teraz</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>October</k> - październik</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Of course.</k> - Oczywiście.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Okay.</k> - Dobrze.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>on the corner</k> - na rogu</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>once</k> - raz</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>one</k> - jeden</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>one hundred</k> - sto</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>one thousand</k> - tysiąc</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>platform</k> - peron</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Please call me a taxi.</k> - Proszę wezwać mi taksówkę.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Please speak more slowly.</k> - Proszę, mów wolniej.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Please tell me when to get off.</k> - Proszę mi powiedzieć gdzie mam wysiąść.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Please.</k> - Proszę.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>private bath</k> - prywata łazienka</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Repeat, please.</k> - Powtórz proszę.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>right</k> - prawo</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>roll of toilet paper</k> - rolka papieru toaletowego</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>room</k> - pokój</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Saturday</k> - sobota</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>second</k> - drugi</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>September</k> - wrzesień</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>seven</k> - siedem</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>seven hundred</k> - siedemset</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>seven thousand</k> - siedem tysięcy</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>seventeen</k> - siedemnaście</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>seventh</k> - siódmy</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>seventy</k> - siedemdziesiąt</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>six</k> - sześć</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>six hundred</k> - sześćset</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>six thousand</k> - sześć tysięcy</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>sixteen</k> - szesnaście</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>sixth</k> - szósty</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>sixty</k> - sześćdziesiąt</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>some</k> - trochę</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>soon</k> - wkrótce</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>spring</k> - wiosna</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Stop!</k> - Stop!</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>straight ahead</k> - prosto</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>subway station</k> - stacja metra</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>summer</k> - lato</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Sunday</k> - niedziela</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>supper</k> - kolacja</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>ten</k> - dziesięć</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>ten percent</k> - dziesięć procent</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>ten thousand</k> - dziesięć tysięcy</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>tenth</k> - dziesiąty</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Thank you very much.</k> - Bardzo dziękuję.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Thank you.</k> - Dziękuję.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>That's right.</k> - Zgadza się.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>The bill, please.</k> - Proszę o rachunek.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>third</k> - trzeci</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>thirteen</k> - trzynaście</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>thirty</k> - trzydzieści</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>three</k> - trzy</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>three hundred</k> - trzysta</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>three thousand</k> - trzy tysiące</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Thursday</k> - czwartek</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>today</k> - dzisiaj</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>tomorrow</k> - jutro</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>track</k> - tor</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>train station</k> - stacja kolejowa</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>tram station</k> - przystanek tramwajowy</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>traveller's checks</k> - czeki podróżne</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Tuesday</k> - wtorek</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>twelve</k> - dwanaście</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>twenty</k> - dwadzieścia</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>twenty-one</k> - dwadzieścia jeden</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>twice</k> - dwukrotnie</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>two</k> - dwa</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>two hundred</k> - dwieście</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>two thousand</k> - dwa tysiące</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Watch out!</k> - Uważaj!</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Wednesday</k> - środa</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>What is your name?</k> - Jak masz na imię?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>What time is it?</k> - Która godzina?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>What town is this?</k> - Co to za miasto?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>What?</k> - Co?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>When does it arrive?</k> - Kiedy przyjeżdża?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>When does it leave?</k> - Kiedy odjeżdża?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>When?</k> - Kiedy?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Where is the nearest bank?</k> - Gdzie jest najbliższy bank?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Where is the nearest...</k> - Gdzie jest najbliższa...</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Where is... ?</k> - Gdzie jest... ?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Where?</k> - Gdzie?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Which line goes to...?</k> - Jaka linia kursuje do...?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Whitestork</k> - Bocian</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Who?</k> - Kto?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Why?</k> - Dlaczego?</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>winter</k> - zima</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>Yes.</k> - Tak.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>yesterday</k> - wczoraj</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>You are welcome.</k> - Proszę.</ar>\r
+ <ar><k>zero</k> - zero</ar>\r
+</xdxf>
\ No newline at end of file
+++ /dev/null
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE xdxf SYSTEM "http://xdxf.sourceforge.net/xdxf_lousy.dtd">
-<xdxf lang_from="ENG" lang_to="ENG" format="visual">
-<full_name>Elements database 20001107</full_name>
-<description>00-database-info
-This file was converted from the original database on:
- Mon Jan 29 05:15:08 2001
-
-
-The original data is available from:
- http://ucsub.colorado.edu/~kominek/elements/
-
-The original data was distributed with the notice shown below. No
-additional restrictions are claimed. Please redistribute this
-changed version under the same conditions and restriction that
-apply to the original version.
-
- Elements database 20001107
- This dictionary database was created by Jay F. Kominek
- <jay.kominek@colorado.edu> (Feel free to send any comments, additions,
- corrections, money to that address) It was compiled from a variety of
- sources, and is in my opinion, a work of my own. (The only stuff that
- was really copied verbatim was the atomic numbers and weights, please,
- I'd like to see someone try and exert a copyright on the values of atoms.)
- So, I place this in the public domain, if it somehow breaks, you get to
- keep both pieces. It'd be nice if you kept the fact that I compiled the
- information in here, but is not needed.
- Up to date copies can probably be found on the web at:
- http://ucsub.colorado.edu/~kominek/elements/
-Source url: http://ucsub.colorado.edu/~kominek/elements/</description>
-<ar><k>actinium</k>
-actinium
-Symbol: Ac
-Atomic number: 89
-Atomic weight: (227)
-Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 3 of the periodic
-table. The most stable isotope, Ac-227, has a half-life of 217 years.
-Ac-228 (half-life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in nature. There are 22 other
-artificial isotopes, all radioactive and having very short half-lives.
-Chemistry similar to lanthanum. Used as a source of alpha particles.
-Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899.</ar>
-<ar><k>aluminum</k>
-aluminum
-Symbol: Al
-Atomic number: 13
-Atomic weight: 26.9815
-Silvery-white lustrous metallic element of group 3 of the periodic table.
-Highly reactive but protected by a thin transparent layer of the oxide
-which quickly forms in air. There are many alloys of aluminum, as well as
-a good number of industrial uses. Makes up 8.1% of the Earth's crust, by
-weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C. Oersted.</ar>
-<ar><k>americium</k>
-americium
-Symbol: Am
-Atomic number: 95
-Atomic weight: (243)
-Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Ten
-known isotopes. Am-243 is the most stable isotope, with a half-life of
-7.95*10^3 years. Discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1945, it
-was obtained by bombarding {uranium}-238 with alpha particles.</ar>
-<ar><k>antimony</k>
-antimony
-Symbol: Sb
-Atomic number: 51
-Atomic weight: 121.75
-Element of group 15. Multiple allotropic forms. The stable form of
-antimony is a blue-white metal. Yellow and black antimony are unstable
-non-metals. Used in flame-proofing, paints, ceramics, enamels, and rubber.
-Attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens. First reported by Tholden in
-1450.</ar>
-<ar><k>argon</k>
-argon
-Symbol: Ar
-Atomic number: 18
-Atomic weight: 39.948
-Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93% of the air. Colourless, odorless. Is
-inert and has no true compounds. Lord Rayleigh and Sir william Ramsey
-identified argon in 1894.</ar>
-<ar><k>arsenic</k>
-arsenic
-Symbol: As
-Atomic number: 33
-Atomic weight: 74.922
-Metalloid element of group 15. There are three allotropes, yellow, black,
-and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated oxidizing acids and hot
-alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been the first to isolate the
-element in 1250.</ar>
-<ar><k>astatine</k>
-astatine
-Symbol: At
-Atomic number: 85
-Atomic weight: (210)
-Radioactive halogen element. Occurs naturally from uranium and thorium
-decay. At least 20 known isotopes. At-210, the most stable, has a
-half-life of 8.3 hours. Synthesized by nuclear bombardment in 1940 by D.R.
-Corson, K.R. MacKenzie and E. Segre at the University of California.</ar>
-<ar><k>barium</k>
-barium
-Symbol: Ba
-Atomic number: 56
-Atomic weight: 137.34
-Silvery-white reactive element, belonging to group 2 of the periodic
-table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely poisonous. Identified in
-1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by Humphry Davy.</ar>
-<ar><k>berkelium</k>
-berkelium
-Symbol: Bk
-Atomic number: 97
-Atomic weight: (247)
-Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series.
-Eight known isotopes, the most common Bk-247, has a half-life of
-1.4*10^3 years. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1949
-by bombarding americium-241 with alpha particles.</ar>
-<ar><k>beryllium</k>
-beryllium
-Symbol: Be
-Atomic number: 4
-Atomic weight: 9.0122
-Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic table. Is toxic and can
-cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows high covalent character.
-It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and A.A. Bussy in 1828.</ar>
-<ar><k>bismuth</k>
-bismuth
-Symbol: Bi
-Atomic number: 83
-Atomic weight: 208.980
-White crystalline metal with a pink tinge, belongs to group 15. Most
-diamagnetic of all metals and has the lowest thermal conductivity of all
-the elements except mercury. Lead-free bismuth compounds are used in
-cosmetics and medical procedures. Burns in the air and produces a blue
-flame. In 1753, C.G. Junine first demonstrated that it was different from
-lead.</ar>
-<ar><k>bohrium</k>
-bohrium
-Competing name for {unnilseptium}, the 107th element, proposed by the
-IUPAC in response to the discoverers of the element wanting to name it
-{nielsbohrium}.</ar>
-<ar><k>boron</k>
-boron
-Symbol: B
-Atomic number: 5
-Atomic weight: 10.811
-An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There are two allotropes,
-amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron is black. The
-metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad conductor in room
-temperatures. It is never found free in nature. Boron-10 is used in
-nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was discovered in 1808 by Sir
-Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay-Lussac and L.J. Thenard.</ar>
-<ar><k>bromine</k>
-bromine
-Symbol: Br
-Atomic number: 35
-Atomic weight: 79.909
-Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room temperature. Its reactivity
-is somewhere between chlorine and iodine. Harmful to human tissue in a
-liquid state, the vapour irritates eyes and throat. Discovered in 1826 by
-Antoine Balard.</ar>
-<ar><k>cadmium</k>
-cadmium
-Symbol: Cd
-Atomic number: 48
-Atomic weight: 112.40
-Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the periodic table. Extremely
-toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically similar to zinc, but lends
-itself to more complex compounds. Discovered in 1817 by F. Stromeyer.</ar>
-<ar><k>caesium</k>
-caesium
-Symbol: Cs
-Atomic number: 55
-Atomic weight: 132.90545
-Soft silvery-white metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic
-table. One of the three metals which are liquid at room temperature. Cs-133
-is the natural, and only stable, isotope. Fifteen other radioisotopes exist.
-Caesium reacts explosively with cold water, and ice at temperatures above
-157K. Caesium hydroxide is the strongest base known. Caesium is the most
-electropositive, most alkaline and has the least ionization potential of
-all the elements. Known uses include the basis of atomic clocks, catalyst
-for the hydrogenation of some organic compounds, and in photoelectric cells.
-Caesium was discovered by Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen in Germany in
-1860 spectroscopically. Its identification was based upon the bright blue
-lines in its spectrum. The name comes from the latin word caesius, which
-means sky blue. Caesium should be considered highly toxic. Some of the
-radioisotopes are even more toxic.</ar>
-<ar><k>calcium</k>
-calcium
-Symbol: Ca
-Atomic number: 20
-Atomic weight: 40.08
-Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table.
-Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, zirconium and
-uranium. Essential element for living organisms.</ar>
-<ar><k>californium</k>
-californium
-Symbol: Cf
-Atomic number: 98
-Atomic weight: (249)
-Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series.
-Cf-251 has a half life of about 700 years. Nine isotopes are known.
-Cf-252 is an intense {neutron} source, which makes it an intense
-{neutron} source and gives it a use in {neutron} activation analysis
-and a possible use as a radiation source in medicine. First produced
-by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1950.</ar>
-<ar><k>carbon</k>
-carbon
-Symbol: C
-Atomic number: 6
-Atomic weight: 12.01115
-Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic table. It has three
-allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and fullerite. Carbon-14
-is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon occurs in all organic life
-and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon has the interesting chemical
-property of being able to bond with itself, and a wide variety of other
-elements.</ar>
-<ar><k>cerium</k>
-cerium
-Symbol: Ce
-Atomic number: 58
-Atomic weight: 140.12
-Silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Four natural
-isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive isotopes have been identified.
-Used in some rare-earth alloys. The oxidized form is used in the glass
-industry. Discovered by Martin .H. Klaproth in 1803.</ar>
-<ar><k>chlorine</k>
-chlorine
-Symbol: Cl
-Atomic number: 17
-Atomic weight: 35.453
-Halogen element. Poisonous greenish-yellow gas. Occurs widely in nature as
-sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly with many elements and
-compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by Karl Scheele in 1774.
-Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in 1810.</ar>
-<ar><k>chromium</k>
-chromium
-Symbol: Cr
-Atomic number: 24
-Atomic weight: 51.996
-Hard silvery transition element. Used in decorative electroplating.
-Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin.</ar>
-<ar><k>cobalt</k>
-cobalt
-Symbol: Co
-Atomic number: 27
-Atomic weight: 58.993
-Light grey transition element. Some meteorites contain small amounts of
-metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use. Mammals require small amounts
-of cobalt salts. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope
-of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer and cancer-treatment agent.
-Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737.</ar>
-<ar><k>columbium</k>
-columbium
-The original name for {niobium}.</ar>
-<ar><k>copper</k>
-copper
-Symbol: Cu
-Atomic number: 29
-Atomic weight: 63.54
-Red-brown transition element. Known by the Romans as 'cuprum.' Extracted
-and used for thousands of years. Malleable, ductile and an excellent
-conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist conditions, a greenish
-layer forms on the outside.</ar>
-<ar><k>cuprum</k>
-cuprum
-Roman name for {copper}.</ar>
-<ar><k>curium</k>
-curium
-Symbol: Cm
-Atomic number: 96
-Atomic weight: (247)
-Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series.
-Nine known isotopes, Cm-247 has a half-life of 1.64*10^7 years. First
-identified by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1944, first produced by
-L.B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947 by bombarding americium-241 with
-{neutron}s. Named for Marie Curie.</ar>
-<ar><k>deuterium</k>
-deuterium
-Symbol: D
-Atomic Weight: 2
-A {hydrogen} atom which has but one proton and {neutron}. Deuterium makes up
-about 0.015% of all natural hydrogen. Chemical properties are like that of
-normal {hydrogen}, though somewhat slower.</ar>
-<ar><k>dubnium</k>
-dubnium
-Symbol: Db
-Competing name for {unnilquadium}, the 104th element, proposed by the
-IUPAC.</ar>
-<ar><k>dysprosium</k>
-dysprosium
-Symbol: Dy
-Atomic number: 66
-Atomic weight: 162.50
-Metallic with a bright silvery-white lustre. Dysprosium belongs to the
-lanthanoids. It is relatively stable in air at room temperatures, it will
-however dissolve in mineral acids, evolving hydrogen. It is found in
-from rare-earth minerals. There are seven natural isotopes of dysprosium,
-and eight radioisotopes, Dy-154 being the most stable with a half-life of
-3*10^6 years. Dysprosium is used as a neutron absorber in nuclear fission
-reactions, and in compact disks. It was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de
-Boisbaudran in 1886 in France. Its name comes from the Greek word
-dysprositos, which means hard to obtain.</ar>
-<ar><k>einsteinium</k>
-einsteinium
-Symbol: Es
-Atomic number: 99
-Atomic weight: (254)
-Appearance is unknown, however it is most probably metallic and silver
-or gray in color. Radioactive metallic transuranic element belonging to the
-actinoids. Es-254 has the longest half-life of the eleven known isotopes at
-270 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of
-the 1952 hydrogen bomb explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of
-Es-232 were separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a
-sufficient amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard.</ar>
-<ar><k>erbium</k>
-erbium
-Symbol: Er
-Atomic number: 68
-Atomic weight: 167.26
-Soft silvery metallic element which belongs to the lanthanoids. Six
-natural isotopes that are stable. Twelve artificial isotopes are known.
-Used in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber. It is being investigated
-for other possible uses. Discovered by Carl G. Mosander in 1843.</ar>
-<ar><k>europium</k>
-europium
-Symbol: Eu
-Atomic number: 63
-Atomic weight: 151.25
-Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Eu-151 and
-Eu-153 are the only two stable isotopes, both of which are {neutron}
-absorbers. Discovered in 1889 by Sir William Crookes.</ar>
-<ar><k>fermium</k>
-fermium
-Symbol: Fm
-Atomic number: 100
-Atomic weight: (253)
-Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Ten
-known isotopes, most stable is Fm-257 with a half-life of 10 days. First
-identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the first
-hydrogen-bomb explosion in 1952.</ar>
-<ar><k>fluorine</k>
-fluorine
-Symbol: F
-Atomic number: 9
-Atomic weight: 18.9984
-A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging to group 17 of the
-periodic table (The halogens). It is the most chemically reactive and
-electronegative element. It is highly dangerous, causing severe chemical
-burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was identified by Scheele in 1771
-and first isolated by Moissan in 1886.</ar>
-<ar><k>francium</k>
-francium
-Symbol: Fr
-Atomic number: 87
-Atomic weight: (223)
-Radioactive element, belongs to group 1 of the periodic table. Found in
-uranium and thorium ores. The 22 known isotopes are all radioactive, with
-the most stable being Fr-223. Its existence was confirmed in 1939 by
-Marguerite Perey.</ar>
-<ar><k>gadolinium</k>
-gadolinium
-Symbol: Gd
-Atomic number: 64
-Atomic weight: 157.25
-Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Seven natural,
-stable isotopes are known in addition to eleven artificial isotopes.
-Gd-155 and Gd-157 and the best neutron absorbers of all elements.
-Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics. Discovered by J.C.G Marignac
-in 1880.</ar>
-<ar><k>gallium</k>
-gallium
-Symbol: Ga
-Atomic number: 31
-Atomic weight: 69.72
-Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13 of the periodic table.
-The two stable isotopes are Ga-69 and Ga-71. Eight radioactive isotopes
-are known, all having short half-lives. Gallium Arsenide is used as a
-semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals by diffusing into their lattice.
-First identified by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875.</ar>
-<ar><k>germanium</k>
-germanium
-Symbol: Ge
-Atomic number: 32
-Atomic weight: 72.59
-Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to group 14 of the periodic
-table. Forms a large number of organometallic compounds. Predicted by
-Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886 by Winkler.</ar>
-<ar><k>gold</k>
-gold
-Symbol: Au
-Atomic number: 79
-Atomic weight: 196.96655
-Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and ductile metal known.
-There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five radioisotopes of gold,
-Au-195 being the most stable with a half-life of 186 days. Gold is used
-as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry, electronics. Au-198 is used
-in treating cancer and some other medical conditions. Gold has been known
-to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold comes from the Anglo-Saxon word gold.
-Its symbol, Au, comes from the Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is
-not particularly toxic, however it is known to cause damage to the liver
-and kidneys in some.</ar>
-<ar><k>hafnium</k>
-hafnium
-Symbol: Hf
-Atomic number: 72
-Atomic weight: 178.49
-Silvery lustrous metallic transition element. Used in tungsten alloys in
-filaments and electrodes, also acts as a neutron absorber. First reported
-by Urbain in 1911, existence was finally established in 1923 by D. Coster,
-G.C. de Hevesy in 1923.</ar>
-<ar><k>hahnium</k>
-hahnium
-Symbol: Ha
-Competing name for {unnilpentium}, the 105th element, proposed by the
-American Chemical Society. Also a competing name for {unniloctium}, the
-108th element, proposed by the IUPAC. Both were chosen in honor of German
-researcher, Otto Hahn.</ar>
-<ar><k>hassium</k>
-hassium
-Competing name for {unniloctium}, the 108th element, proposed by its
-German discoverers and supported by the American Chemical Society.</ar>
-<ar><k>helium</k>
-helium
-Symbol: He
-Atomic number: 2
-Atomic weight: 4.0026
-Colourless, odourless gaseous nonmetallic element. Belongs to group 18 of
-the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all elements and can only be
-solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no known compounds.
-Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer.</ar>
-<ar><k>holmium</k>
-holmium
-Symbol: Ho
-Atomic number: 67
-Atomic weight: 167.26
-Relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metallic element, which is stable
-in dry air at room temperature. It oxidizes in moist air and at high
-temperatures. It belongs to the lanthanoids. A rare-earth metal, it is found
-in the minerals monazite and gadolinite. It possesses unusual magnetic
-properties. One natural isotope, Ho-165 exists, six radioisotopes exist, the
-most stable being Ho-163 with a half-life of 4570 years. Holmium is used in
-some metal alloys, it is also said to stimulate the metabolism. Discovered by
-Per Theodor Cleve and J.L. Soret in Switzerland in 1879. The name homium comes
-from the Greek word Holmia which means Sweden. While all holmium compounds
-should be considered highly toxic, initial evidence seems to indicate that
-they do not pose much danger. The metal's dust however, is a fire hazard.</ar>
-<ar><k>hydrogen</k>
-hydrogen
-Symbol: H
-Atomic number: 1
-Atomic weight: 1.0079
-Colourless, odourless gaseous chemical element. Lightest and most
-abundant element in the universe. Present in water and in all organic
-compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements. Discovered by Henry
-Cavendish in 1776.</ar>
-<ar><k>indium</k>
-indium
-Symbol: In
-Atomic number: 49
-Atomic weight: 114.82
-Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the periodic table. The most
-common natural isotope is In-115, which has a half-life of 6*10^4 years.
-Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in 1863 by Reich and Richter.</ar>
-<ar><k>iodine</k>
-iodine
-Symbol: I
-Atomic number: 53
-Atomic weight: 126.904
-Dark violet nonmetallic element, belongs to group 17 of the periodic
-table. Insoluble in water. Required as a trace element for living
-organisms. One stable isotope, I-127 exists, in addition to fourteen
-radioactive isotopes. Chemically the least reactive of the halogens, and
-the most electropositive metallic halogen. Discovered in 1812 by Courtois.</ar>
-<ar><k>iridium</k>
-iridium
-Symbol: Ir
-Atomic number: 77
-Atomic weight: 192.217
-Very hard and brittle, silvery metallic transition element. It has a
-yellowish cast to it. Salts of iridium are highly colored. It is the
-most corrosion resistant metal known, not attacked by any acid, but is
-attacked by molten salts. There are two natural isotopes of iridium, and
-4 radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir-192 with a half-life of 73.83
-days. Ir-192 decays into {platinum}, while the other radioisotopes decay
-into {osmium}. Iridium is used in high temperature apparatus, electrical
-contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum. Discovered in 1803 by
-Smithson Tennant in England. The name comes from the Greek word iris, which
-means rainbow. Iridium metal is generally non-toxic due to its relative
-unreactivity, but iridium compounds should be considered highly toxic.</ar>
-<ar><k>iron</k>
-iron
-Symbol: Fe
-Atomic number: 26
-Atomic weight: 55.847
-Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition element. Has nine
-isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust.
-Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in hemoglobin in
-humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces hydrogen from
-dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements.</ar>
-<ar><k>IUPAC</k>
-IUPAC
-The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.</ar>
-<ar><k>joliotium</k>
-joliotium
-Symbol: Jl
-Competing name for {unnilpentium}, the 105th element, proposed by the
-IUPAC.</ar>
-<ar><k>krypton</k>
-krypton
-Symbol: Kr
-Atomic number: 36
-Atomic weight: 83.80
-Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble gases. Occurs in the air,
-0.0001% by volume. It can be extracted from liquid air by fractional
-distillation. Generally not isolated, but used with other inert gases in
-fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes, and five radioactive isotopes.
-Kr-85, the most stable radioactive isotope, has a half-life of 10.76
-years and is produced in fission reactors. Practically inert, though known
-to form compounds with {fluorine}.</ar>
-<ar><k>kurchatovium</k>
-kurchatovium
-Symbol: Ku
-Competing name for {unnilquadium}, the 104th element, proposed by Russian
-scientists.</ar>
-<ar><k>lanthanum</k>
-lanthanum
-Symbol: La
-Atomic number: 57
-Atomic weight: 138.9055
-(From the Greek word lanthanein, to line hidden) Silvery metallic element
-belonging to group 3 of the periodic table and oft considered to be one of
-the lanthanoids. Found in some rare-earth minerals. Twenty-five natural
-isotopes exist. La-139 which is stable, and La-138 which has a half-life
-of 10^10 to 10^15 years. The other twenty-three isotopes are radioactive.
-It resembles the lanthanoids chemically. Lanthanum has a low to moderate
-level of toxicity, and should be handled with care. Discovered in 1839 by
-C.G. Mosander.</ar>
-<ar><k>lawrencium</k>
-lawrencium
-Symbol: Lr
-Atomic number: 103
-Atomic weight: (262)
-Appearance unknown, however it is most likely silvery-white or grey
-and metallic. Lawrencium is a synthetic rare-earth metal. There are
-eight known radioisotopes, the most stable being Lr-262 with a half-life
-of 3.6 hours. Due to the short half-life of lawrencium, and its
-radioactivity, there are no known uses for it. Identified by Albert Ghiorso
-in 1961 at Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding californium with boron
-ions. The name is temporary {IUPAC} nomenclature, the origin of the name
-comes from Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the cyclotron. If sufficient
-amounts of lawrencium were produced, it would pose a radiation hazard.</ar>
-<ar><k>lead</k>
-lead
-Symbol: Pb
-Atomic number: 82
-Atomic weight: 207.19
-Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to group 14. Used in
-building construction, lead-place accumulators, bullets and shot, and is
-part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and fusible alloys.</ar>
-<ar><k>lithium</k>
-lithium
-Symbol: Li
-Atomic number: 3
-Atomic weight: 6.939
-Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table.
-Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.</ar>
-<ar><k>lutetium</k>
-lutetium
-Symbol: Lu
-Atomic number: 71
-Atomic weight: 194.967
-Silvery-white rare-earth metal which is relatively stable in air. It
-happens to be the most expensive rare-earth metal. Its found with almost
-all rare-earth metals, but is very difficult to separate from other
-elements. Least abundant of all natural elements. Used in metal alloys,
-and as a catalyst in various processes. There are two natural, stable
-isotopes, and seven radioisotopes, the most stable being Lu-174 with a
-half-life of 3.3 years. The separation of lutetium from {ytterbium} was
-described by Georges Urbain in 1907. It was discovered at approximately
-the same time by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The name comes from the Greek
-word lutetia which means Paris.</ar>
-<ar><k>magnesium</k>
-magnesium
-Symbol: Mg
-Atomic number: 12
-Atomic weight: 24.312
-Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table
-(alkaline-earth metals). It is essential for living organisms, and is used
-in a number of light alloys. Chemically very reactive, it forms a
-protective oxide coating when exposed to air and burns with an intense
-white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen and the halogens. First
-isolated by Bussy in 1828.</ar>
-<ar><k>manganese</k>
-manganese
-Symbol: Mn
-Atomic number: 25
-Atomic weight: 54.938
-Grey brittle metallic transition element. Rather electropositive, combines
-with some non-metals when heated. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele.</ar>
-<ar><k>meitnerium</k>
-meitnerium
-Symbol: Mt
-Atomic number: 109
-Atomic weight: (266)
-Half-life of approximately 5ms. The creation of this element demonstrated
-that fusion techniques could indeed be used to make new, heavy nuclei.
-Made and identified by physicists of the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory,
-Darmstadt, West Germany in 1982. Named in honor of Lise Meitner the
-Austrian physicist.</ar>
-<ar><k>mendelevium</k>
-mendelevium
-Symbol: Md
-Atomic number: 101
-Atomic weight: (256)
-Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to the actinoid series.
-Only known isotope, Md-256 has a half-life of 1.3 hours. First identified
-by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso and associates in 1955. Alternative
-name {unnilunium} has been proposed. Named after the 'inventor' of the
-periodic table, Dmitri Mendeleev.</ar>
-<ar><k>mercury</k>
-mercury
-Symbol: Hg
-Atomic number: 80
-Atomic weight: 200.59
-Heavy silvery liquid metallic element, belongs to the zinc group. Used in
-thermometers, barometers and other scientific apparatus. Less reactive
-than zinc and cadmium, does not displace hydrogen from acids. Forms a
-number of complexes and organomercury compounds.</ar>
-<ar><k>molybdenum</k>
-molybdenum
-Symbol: Mo
-Atomic number: 42
-Atomic weight: 95.94
-Silvery-white, hard metallic transition element. It is chemically
-unreactive and is not affected by most acids. It oxidizes at high
-temperatures. There are seven natural isotopes, and four radioisotopes,
-Mo-93 being the most stable with a half-life of 3500 years. Molybdenum
-is used in almost all high-strength steels, it has nuclear applications,
-and is a catalyst in petroleum refining. Discovered in 1778 by Carl
-Welhelm Scheele of Sweden. Impure metal was prepared in 1782 by Peter
-Jacob Hjelm. The name comes from the Greek word molybdos which means lead.
-Trace amounts of molybdenum are required for all known forms of life.
-All molybdenum compounds should be considered highly toxic, and will
-also cause severe birth defects.</ar>
-<ar><k>neodymium</k>
-neodymium
-Symbol: Nd
-Atomic number: 60
-Atomic weight: 144.24
-Soft bright silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Seven natural
-isotopes, Nd-144 being the only radioactive one with a half-life of 10^10
-to 10^15 years. Six artificial radioisotopes have been produced. The
-metal is used in glass works to color class a shade of violet-purple and
-make it dichroic. One of the more reactive rare-earth metals, quickly reacts
-with air. Used in some rare-earth alloys. Neodymium is used to color
-the glass used in welder's glasses. Neodymium is also used in very
-powerful, permanent magnets (Nd2Fe14B). Discovered by Carl F. Auer von
-Welsbach in Austria in 1885 by separating didymium into its elemental
-components {praseodymium} and neodymium. The name comes from the Greek words
-"neos didymos" which means "new twin". Neodymium should be considered
-highly toxic, however evidence would seem to show that it acts as little
-more than a skin and eye irritant. The dust however, presents a fire and
-explosion hazard.</ar>
-<ar><k>neon</k>
-neon
-Symbol: Ne
-Atomic number: 10
-Atomic weight: 20.183
-Colourless gaseous element of group 18 on the periodic table (noble
-gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and comprises 0.0018% of the volume
-of the atmosphere. It has a distinct reddish glow when used in discharge
-tubes and neon based lamps. It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon
-was discovered in 1898 by Sir William Ramsey and M.W. Travers.</ar>
-<ar><k>neptunium</k>
-neptunium
-Symbol: Np
-Atomic number: 93
-Atomic weight: (237)
-Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids.
-Np-237, the most stable isotope, has a half-life of 2.2*10^6 years and is
-a by product of nuclear reactors. The other known isotopes have mass
-numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through 241. Np-236 has a half-life of
-5*10^3 years. First produced by Edwin M. McMillan and P.H. Abelson in
-1940.</ar>
-<ar><k>neutron</k>
-neutron
-Weight: 1.6749286*10^-27kg
-A neutral hadron that is stable in the atomic nucleus but decays into a
-protron, an electron and an antineutrino with a mean life of 12 minutes
-outside the nucleus. Neutrons exist in all atomic nuclei except normal
-hydrogen. Reported in 1932 by James Chadwick.</ar>
-<ar><k>nickel</k>
-nickel
-Symbol: Ni
-Atomic number: 28
-Atomic weight: 58.71
-Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition element. Discovered by A.F.
-Cronstedt in 1751.</ar>
-<ar><k>nielsbohrium</k>
-nielsbohrium
-Competing name for {unnilseptium}, the 107th element, proposed by its West
-German discoverers and supported by the American Chemical Society. The
-name was chosen in honor of physicist, Niels Bohr.</ar>
-<ar><k>niobium</k>
-niobium
-Symbol: Nb
-Atomic number: 41
-Atomic weight: 92.906
-Soft, ductile grey-blue metallic transition element. Used in special
-steels and in welded joints to increase strength. Combines with halogens
-and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees celsius. Discovered by Charles Hatchett
-in 1801 and isolated by Blomstrand in 1864. Called {columbium} originally.</ar>
-<ar><k>nitrogen</k>
-nitrogen
-Symbol: N
-Atomic number: 7
-Atomic weight: 14.0067
-Colourless, gaseous element which belongs to group 15 of the periodic
-table. Constitutes ~78% of the atmosphere and is an essential part of the
-ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial purposes is acquired by the fractional
-distillation of liquid air. Chemically inactive, reactive generally only
-at high temperatures or in electrical discharges. It was discovered in
-1772 by D. Rutherford.</ar>
-<ar><k>nobelium</k>
-nobelium
-Symbol: No
-Atomic number: 102
-Atomic weight: (254)
-Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Seven
-known isotopes exist, the most stable being No-254 with a half-life of 255
-seconds. First identified with certainty by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T.
-Seaborg in 1966. {Unnilbium} has been proposed as an alternative name.</ar>
-<ar><k>osmium</k>
-osmium
-Symbol: Os
-Atomic number: 76
-Atomic weight: 190.2
-Hard blue-white metallic transition element. Found with platinum and used
-in some alloys with platinum and iridium.</ar>
-<ar><k>oxygen</k>
-oxygen
-Symbol: O
-Atomic number: 8
-Atomic weight: 15.9994
-A colourless, odourless gaseous element belonging to group 16 of the
-periodic table. It is the most abundant element present in the earth's
-crust. It also makes up 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. For industrial
-purposes, it is separated from liquid air by fractional distillation. It
-is used in high temperature welding, and in breathing. It commonly comes
-in the form of Oxygen, but is found as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It
-was discovered by Priestley in 1774.</ar>
-<ar><k>palladium</k>
-palladium
-Symbol: Pd
-Atomic number: 46
-Atomic weight: 106.4
-Soft white ductile transition element. Found with some copper and nickel
-ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal temperatures. Dissolves slowly
-in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston.</ar>
-<ar><k>phosphorus</k>
-phosphorus
-Symbol: P
-Atomic number: 15
-Atomic weight: 30.9738
-Non-metallic element belonging to group 15 of the periodic table. Has a
-multiple allotropic forms. Essential element for living organisms. It was
-discovered by Brandt in 1669.</ar>
-<ar><k>platinum</k>
-platinum
-Symbol: Pt
-Atomic number: 78
-Atomic weight: 195.078
-Attractive greyish-white metal. When pure, it is malleable and ductile.
-Does not oxidize in air, insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid.
-Corroded by halogens, cyandies, sulphur and alkalis. {Hydrogen} and
-{oxygen} react explosively in the presence of platinum. There are six
-stable isotopes and three radioisotopes, the most stable being Pt-193
-with a half-life of 60 years. Platinum is used in jewelry, laboratory
-equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti-pollution devices in
-cars. PtCl2(NH3)2 is used to treat some forms of cancer. Platinum-{cobalt}
-alloys have magnetic properties. It is also used in the definition of
-the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Discovered by Antonio de Ulloa in South
-America in 1735. The name comes from the Spanish word platina which means
-silver. Platinum metal is generally not a health concern due to its
-unreactivity, however platinum compounds should be considered highly
-toxic.</ar>
-<ar><k>plutonium</k>
-plutonium
-Symbol: Pu
-Atomic number: 94
-Atomic weight: (242)
-Dense silvery radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the
-actinoids. Pu-244 is the most stable isotope with a half-life of 7.6*10^7
-years. Thirteen isotopes are known. Pu-239 is the most important, it
-undergoes nuclear fission with slow neutrons and is hence important to
-nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium production is monitored down to
-the gram to prevent military misuse. First produced by Gleen T. Seaborg,
-Edwin M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy and A.C. Wahl in 1940.</ar>
-<ar><k>polonium</k>
-polonium
-Symbol: Po
-Atomic number: 84
-Atomic weight: (210)
-Rare radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic
-table. Over 30 known isotopes exist, the most of all elements. Po-209 has
-a half-life of 103 years. Possible uses in heating spacecraft. Discovered
-by Marie Curie in 1898 in a sample of pitchblende.</ar>
-<ar><k>potassium</k>
-potassium
-Symbol: K
-Atomic number: 19
-Atomic weight: 39.0983
-Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table
-(alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and a many minerals. Highly
-reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its behavior and compounds.
-Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807.</ar>
-<ar><k>praseodymium</k>
-praseodymium
-Symbol: Pr
-Atomic number: 59
-Atomic weight: 140.907
-Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Only natural
-isotope is Pr-141 which is not radioactive. Fourteen radioactive isotopes
-have been artificially produced. Used in rare-earth alloys. Discovered in
-1885 by C.A. von Welsbach.</ar>
-<ar><k>promethium</k>
-promethium
-Symbol: Pm
-Atomic number: 61
-Atomic weight: (147)
-Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Pm-147, the
-only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a half-life of 252 years.
-Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but all have very short
-half-lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste. Pm-147 is of interest as a
-beta-decay source, however Pm-146 and Pm-148 have to be removed from it
-first, as they generate gamma radiation. Discovered by J.A. Marinsky,
-L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in 1947.</ar>
-<ar><k>protactinium</k>
-protactinium
-Symbol: Pa
-Atomic number: 91
-Atomic weight: (231)
-Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the actinoids. The most stable
-isotope, Pa-231 has a half-life of 2.43*10^4 years. At least 10 other
-radioactive isotopes are known. No practical applications are known.
-Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn.</ar>
-<ar><k>radium</k>
-radium
-Symbol: Ra
-Atomic number: 88
-Atomic weight: (226)
-Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to group 2 of the
-periodic table. Most stable isotope, Ra-226 has a half-life of 1602 years,
-which decays into radon. Isolated from pitchblende in 1898 Marie and
-Pierre Curie.</ar>
-<ar><k>radon</k>
-radon
-Symbol: Rn
-Atomic number: 86
-Atomic weight: (222)
-Colorless radioactive gaseous element, belongs to the noble gases. Of the
-twenty known isotopes, the most stable is Rn-222 with a half-life of 3.8 days.
-Formed by the radioactive decay of {Radium}-226. Radon itself decays into
-{polonium}. Used in radiotherapy. As a noble gas, it is effectively inert,
-though radon fluoride has been synthesized. First isolated in 1908 by Ramsey
-and Gray.</ar>
-<ar><k>rhenium</k>
-rhenium
-Symbol: Re
-Atomic number: 75
-Atomic weight: 186.2
-Silvery-white metallic transition element. Obtained as a by-product of
-molybdenum refinement. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconducting.</ar>
-<ar><k>rhodium</k>
-rhodium
-Symbol: Rh
-Atomic number: 45
-Atomic weight: 102.905
-Silvery white metallic transition element. Found with platinum and used in
-some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids, dissolves only in aqua regia.
-Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston.</ar>
-<ar><k>rubidium</k>
-rubidium
-Symbol: Rb
-Atomic number: 37
-Atomic weight: 85.47
-Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 1 of the periodic table.
-Rb-97, the naturally occurring isotope, is radioactive. It is highly
-reactive, with properties similar to other elements in group 1, like
-igniting spontaneously in air. Discovered spectroscopically in 1861 by W.
-Bunsen and G.R. Kirchoff.</ar>
-<ar><k>ruthenium</k>
-ruthenium
-Symbol: Ru
-Atomic number: 44
-Atomic weight: 101.07
-Hard white metallic transition element. Found with platinum, used as a
-catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in fused alkalis, and is not
-attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and oxygen at high temperatures.
-Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus.</ar>
-<ar><k>rutherfordium</k>
-rutherfordium
-Symbol: Rf
-Competing name for {unnilquadium}, the 104th element, proposed by the
-American Chemical Society.</ar>
-<ar><k>samarium</k>
-samarium
-Symbol: Sm
-Atomic number: 62
-Atomic weight: 150.35
-Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Seven natural
-isotopes, Sm-147 is the only radioisotope, and has a half-life of
-2.5*10^11 years. Used for making special alloys needed in the production
-of nuclear reactors. Also used as a neutron absorber. Small quantities of
-samarium oxide is used in special optical glasses. The largest use of the
-element is its ferromagnetic alloy which produces permanent magnets that
-are five times stronger than magnets produced by any other material.
-Discovered by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879.</ar>
-<ar><k>scandium</k>
-scandium
-Symbol: Sc
-Atomic number: 21
-Atomic weight: 44.956
-Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic
-table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are radioactive and have
-short half-lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev, isolated by Nilson in
-1879.</ar>
-<ar><k>seaborgium</k>
-seaborgium
-Name proposed for the 106th element ({unnilhexium}) by the American
-Chemical Society in honor of Gleen T. Seaborg, an American nuclear
-physicist and Nobel prize winner.</ar>
-<ar><k>selenium</k>
-selenium
-Symbol: Se
-Atomic number: 34
-Atomic weight: 78.96
-Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Multiple
-allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles sulphur. Discovered in 1817
-by Jons J. Berzelius.</ar>
-<ar><k>silicon</k>
-silicon
-Symbol: Si
-Atomic number: 14
-Atomic weight: 28.086
-Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. It is the
-second most abundant element in the Earth's crust, making up 25.7% of it
-by weight. Chemically less reactive than carbon. First identified by
-Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in 1823 by Berzelius.</ar>
-<ar><k>silver</k>
-silver
-Symbol: Ag
-Atomic number: 47
-Atomic weight: 107.870
-White lustrous soft metallic transition element. Found in both its
-elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewellery, tableware and so on.
-Less reactive than silver, chemically.</ar>
-<ar><k>sodium</k>
-sodium
-Symbol: Na
-Atomic number: 11
-Atomic weight: 22.9898
-Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table
-(alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing in air and reacting
-violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil. It was first
-isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807.</ar>
-<ar><k>strontium</k>
-strontium
-Symbol: Sr
-Atomic number: 38
-Atomic weight: 87.62
-Soft yellowish metallic element, belongs to group 2 of the periodic
-table. Highly reactive chemically. Sr-90 is present in radioactive fallout
-and has a half-life of 28 years. Discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and Hope,
-isolated in 1808 by Humphry Davy.</ar>
-<ar><k>sulphur</k>
-sulphur
-Symbol: S
-Atomic number: 16
-Atomic weight: 32.064
-Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table.
-It is an essential element in living organisms, needed in the amino acids
-cysteine and methionine, and hence in many proteins. Absorbed by plants
-from the soil as sulphate ion.</ar>
-<ar><k>tantalum</k>
-tantalum
-Symbol: Ta
-Atomic number: 73
-Atomic weight: 180.948
-Heavy blue-grey metallic transition element. Ta-181 is a stable isotope,
-and Ta-180 is a radioactive isotope, with a half-life in excess of 10^7
-years. Used in surgery as it is unreactive. Forms a passive oxide layer in
-air. Identified in 1802 by Ekeberg and isolated in 1820 by Jons J.
-Berzelius.</ar>
-<ar><k>technetium</k>
-technetium
-Symbol: Tc
-Atomic number: 43
-Atomic weight: (98)
-Radioactive metallic transition element. Can be detected in some stars and
-the fission products of uranium. First made by Perrier and Segre by
-bombarding molybdenum with deutrons, giving them Tc-97. Tc-99 is the most
-stable isotope with a half-life of 2.6*10^6 years. Sixteen isotopes are
-known. Organic technetium compounds are used in bone imaging. Chemical
-properties are intermediate between rhenium and manganese.</ar>
-<ar><k>tellurium</k>
-tellurium
-Symbol: Te
-Atomic number: 52
-Atomic weight: 127.60
-Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight natural isotopes, nine
-radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and to a degree in some
-steels. Chemistry is similar to {sulphur}. Discovered in 1782 by Franz
-Miller.</ar>
-<ar><k>terbium</k>
-terbium
-Symbol: Tb
-Atomic number: 65
-Atomic weight: 158.924
-Silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Tb-159 is the only
-stable isotope, there are seventeen artificial isotopes. Discovered by
-G.G. Mosander in 1843.</ar>
-<ar><k>thallium</k>
-thallium
-Symbol: Tl
-Atomic number: 81
-Atomic weight: 204.3833
-Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery-white and exhibits a metallic
-lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn bluish-grey and looks
-like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut with a knife. There are
-two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes, Tl-204 being the most stable
-with a half-life of 3.78 years. Thallium sulphate was used as a rodenticide.
-Thallium sulphine's conductivity changes with exposure to infrared light,
-this gives it a use in infrared detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes
-via spectroscopy. Its name comes from the Greek word thallos, which means
-green twig. Thallium and its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer.</ar>
-<ar><k>thorium</k>
-thorium
-Symbol: Th
-Atomic number: 90
-Atomic weight: 232.038
-Grey radioactive metallic element. Belongs to actinoids. Found in monazite sand
-in Brazil, India and the US. Thorium-232 has a half-life of 1.39x10^10 years.
-Can be used as a nuclear fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium-232 captures slow
-{neutron}s and breeds uranium-233. Discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in
-1829.</ar>
-<ar><k>thulium</k>
-thulium
-Symbol: Tm
-Atomic number: 69
-Atomic weight: 168.934
-Soft grey metallic element that belongs to the lanthanoids. One natural
-isotope exists, Tm-169, and seventeen artificial isotopes have been
-produced. No known uses for the element. Discovered in 1879 by Per Theodor
-Cleve.</ar>
-<ar><k>tin</k>
-tin
-Symbol: Sn
-Atomic number: 50
-Atomic weight: 118.69
-Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group 14 of the periodic
-table. Twenty-six isotopes are known, five of which are radioactive.
-Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine and oxygen and
-displaces hydrogen from dilute acids.</ar>
-<ar><k>titanium</k>
-titanium
-Symbol: Ti
-Atomic number: 22
-Atomic weight: 47.90
-White metallic transition element. Occurs in numerous minerals. Used in
-strong, light corrosion-resistant alloys. Forms a passive oxide coating
-when exposed to air. First discovered by Gregor in 1789.</ar>
-<ar><k>tungsten</k>
-tungsten
-Symbol: W
-Atomic number: 74
-Atomic weight: 183.85
-White or grey metallic transition element, formerly called {wolfram}.
-Forms a protective oxide in air and can be oxidized at high temperature.
-First isolated by Jose and Fausto de Elhuyer in 1783.</ar>
-<ar><k>unnilbium</k>
-unnilbium
-Symbol: Unb
-Name proposed by the {IUPAC} to settle the dispute over naming the 102nd
-element {nobelium}.</ar>
-<ar><k>unnildecium</k>
-unnildecium
-Symbol: Unn
-Atomic number: 110
-Atomic weight: (272)?
-Half-life of approximately 10ms. Reported in 1994 by German researchers at
-Darmstadt, Germany.</ar>
-<ar><k>unnilhexium</k>
-unnilhexium
-Symbol:
-Atomic number: 106
-Atomic weight: (263)
-Half-life of 0.9 +/- 0.2 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear
-Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in June of 1974. Its existence was confirmed
-by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Livermore National Laboratory in
-September of 1974.</ar>
-<ar><k>unniloctium</k>
-unniloctium
-Symbol: Uno
-Atomic number: 108
-Atomic weight: (265)
-Radioactive transition metal.</ar>
-<ar><k>unnilpentium</k>
-unnilpentium
-Symbol: Unp
-Atomic number: 105
-Atomic weight: (262)
-Radioactive transactinide element. Half-life of 1.6s. Discovered in 1970
-by Berkeley researchers. So far, seven isotopes have been discovered.</ar>
-<ar><k>unnilquadium</k>
-unnilquadium
-Symbol: Unq
-Atomic number: 104
-Atomic weight: (261)
-Radioactive transactinide element. Expected to have similar chemical
-properties to those displayed by hafnium. Rf-260 was discovered by the
-Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1964. Researchers
-at Berkeley discovered Unq-257 and Unq-258 in 1964.</ar>
-<ar><k>unnilseptium</k>
-unnilseptium
-Symbol:
-Atomic number: 107
-Atomic weight: (262)
-Radioactive transition metal. Half-life of approximately 1/500 s.
-Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.)
-in 1976. Confirmed by West German physicists at the Heavy Ion Research
-Laboratory at Darmstadt.</ar>
-<ar><k>unnilunium</k>
-unnilunium
-Symbol: Unu
-Name proposed by the {IUPAC} to settle the dispute over naming the 101st
-element {mendelevium}.</ar>
-<ar><k>uranium</k>
-uranium
-Symbol: U
-Atomic number: 92
-Atomic weight: (231)
-White radioactive metallic element belonging to the actinoids. Three
-natural isotopes, U-238, U-235 and U-234. Uranium-235 is used as the fuel
-for nuclear reactors and weapons. Discovered by Martin H. Klaproth in 1789.</ar>
-<ar><k>vanadium</k>
-vanadium
-Symbol: V
-Atomic number: 23
-Atomic weight: 50.9415
-Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good resistance to corrosion by
-alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily about
-933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes of vanadium, and 5
-radioisotopes, V-49 having the longest half-life at 337 days. Vanadium
-has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding titanium to steel,
-and vanadium-gallium tape is used to produce a superconductive magnet.
-Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of Mexico City in 1801.
-His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820, Nils Gabriel Sefstron
-of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was isolated by Henry Enfield
-Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from {Vanadis}, a goddess of
-Scandinavian mythology. Silvery-white metallic transition element.
-Vanadium is essential to {ascidian}s. Rats and chickens are also known
-to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and vanadium compounds
-should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung cancer if inhaled.</ar>
-<ar><k>wolfram</k>
-wolfram
-Original name for {tungsten}.</ar>
-<ar><k>xenon</k>
-xenon
-Symbol: Xe
-Atomic number: 54
-Atomic weight: 131.30
-Colourless, odourless gas belonging to group 18 on the periodic table (the
-noble gases.) Nine natural isotopes and seven radioactive isotopes are
-known. Xenon was part of the first noble-gas compound synthesized.
-Several others involving Xenon have been found since then. Xenon was
-discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898.</ar>
-<ar><k>ytterbium</k>
-ytterbium
-Symbol: Yb
-Atomic number: 70
-Atomic weight: 173.04
-Silvery metallic element of the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes and
-ten artificial isotopes are known. Used in certain steels. Discovered by
-J.D.G. Marignac in 1878.</ar>
-<ar><k>yttrium</k>
-yttrium
-Symbol: Y
-Atomic number: 39
-Atomic weight: 88.905
-Silvery-grey metallic element of group 3 on the periodic table. Found in
-uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y-89, there are 14 other
-artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the lanthanoids. Stable in the
-air below 400 degrees, celsius. Discovered in 1828 by Friedrich Wohler.</ar>
-<ar><k>zinc</k>
-zinc
-Symbol: Zn
-Atomic number: 30
-Atomic weight: 65.38
-Blue-white metallic element. Occurs in multiple compounds naturally. Five
-stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes have been found. Chemically a
-reactive metal, combines with oxygen and other non-metals, reacts with
-dilute acids to release hydrogen.</ar>
-<ar><k>zirconium</k>
-zirconium
-Symbol: Zr
-Atomic number: 40
-Atomic weight: 91.22
-Grey-white metallic transition element. Five natural isotopes and six
-radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear reactors for a {neutron}
-absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, isolated in 1824 by
-Berzelius.</ar>
-</xdxf>
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